Back to supply chains
Where does CALB (China Aviation Lithium Battery) source its components?
China. Supply chain mapped to 47 inputs across 8 countries.
Federal screeningFlagged
Yes. CALB (China Aviation Lithium Battery) is named on the DOD Section 1260H list -- a federal restricted-party designation that makes it a foreign entity of concern for IRA clean-energy tax credit purposes. Is CALB (China Aviation Lithium Battery) a Foreign Entity of Concern?
Upstream sourcing exposure
High86% weighted
1 federally designated - 34 in covered nations - 13 elevated, of 47 nodes.
Where inputs are mined and refined. Not a FEOC determination for the company -- see the federal list screening above.
Refining chokepoint
6 of 7 processing/refining steps in covered nations
Producer1
Component12
Processing / Refining7
Raw Material17
Mine / Extraction10
designated covered nation elevated no known factor not assessed
Loading chain view...
Sourcing Concentration by Country
Covered NationAllied NationOther
Sourcing risk across the graph
Where each input is mined or refined. Not a FEOC determination for the company.
1
Designated (2%)
33
Covered nation (70%)
13
Elevated (28%)
0
No known factor (0%)
Legend
Node Types
Producer
Supplier
Component
Processing / Refining
Raw Material
Mine / Extraction
Logistics
Sourcing risk
Federally designated - named on a restricted-party list
Covered nation - sited in China, Russia, Iran or North Korea
Elevated - documented concentration risk, no federal listing
No known risk factor - not a compliance clearance
Not assessed - no sourcing judgement was made
Relationships
Transformation - manufactures / assembles
Refining - midstream processing (FEOC chokepoint)
Supply handoff - supplies / sources from
Arrows point in the direction material flows (input to product).
Every mapped input in the CALB (China Aviation Lithium Battery) supply chain
47 nodes, grouped by supply-chain tier. Sourcing risk describes where an input is mined or refined; it is not a FEOC determination for CALB (China Aviation Lithium Battery).
Producer (1)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| CALB (China Aviation Lithium Battery)Changzhou, Jiangsu, China | China | Federally designated | Named on DOD 1260Has “CALB Group Co., Ltd.” (2026-06-10 Federal Register (Doc. 2026-11571)). 4th-largest global EV battery maker (62.8 GWh in 2025); partially state-owned; produces LFP and NMC prismatic cells. China-domiciled = FEOC flagged. |
Component (12)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| LFP Prismatic CellChangzhou / Chengdu, China | China | Covered nation | LiFePO4 prismatic cells (62-196Ah) for EV and storage; assembled in-house by CALB. |
| NMC Prismatic CellChangzhou, China | China | Covered nation | Nickel-cobalt-manganese cells (U-structure up to 300 Wh/kg); assembled by CALB. |
| Battery Pack & BMSChina | China | Covered nation | Module/pack assembly, battery management system electronics and thermal system. |
| LFP Cathode Active MaterialHunan / Sichuan, China | China | Covered nation | >98% of global LFP cathode material made in China (e.g. Hunan Yuneng, Dynanonic supply ~70%). FEOC chokepoint. |
| NMC Cathode Active Material (CAM)China | China | Covered nation | Ternary Ni-Co-Mn cathode; ~two-thirds of global NMC CAM made in China. |
| Graphite Anode MaterialChina | China | Covered nation | China controls ~90% of anode production and 98% of graphitization capacity. FEOC chokepoint. |
| ElectrolyteChina | China | Covered nation | Solvents + LiPF6 salt + additives; blended by Tinci/Capchem-class suppliers in China. |
| Separator (ceramic-coated PE)Yunnan / Guangdong, China | China | Covered nation | Wet-process polyethylene separator with ceramic coating; SEMCORP-class Chinese suppliers dominate. |
| Copper Foil (anode current collector)China | China | Covered nation | 6-8um electrolytic copper foil; China dominates battery copper foil (Nuode-class). |
| Aluminum Foil (cathode current collector)China | China | Covered nation | High-purity battery aluminum foil, cathode current collector; China-supplied. |
| Cell Can & TerminalsChina | China | Covered nation | Aluminum prismatic hard case, cap plate and terminals; China-fabricated. |
| NMC Precursor (pCAM)Hunan / Zhejiang / Guangxi, China | China | Covered nation | Co-precipitated Ni-Co-Mn hydroxide; China made 86% of global ternary precursor in 2023 (CNGR, Huayou). FEOC chokepoint. |
Processing and refining (7)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nickel Sulfate Refiner (China)China | China | Covered nation | Refines Indonesian MHP into battery-grade nickel sulfate; China-controlled midstream. |
| Indonesian HPAL PlantSouth Halmahera / Obi, Indonesia | Indonesia | Elevated sourcing risk | High-pressure acid leach producing MHP; Chinese firms control ~75% of Indonesian refining capacity. |
| Cobalt Refiner (China)Zhejiang, China | China | Covered nation | Huayou/Jinchuan-class refiners convert DRC cobalt hydroxide into battery-grade sulfate. |
| HPMSM Refiner (China)China | China | Covered nation | Upgrades EMM/manganese ore into high-purity manganese sulfate monohydrate. |
| Lithium Refiner (China)Jiangxi / Sichuan, China | China | Covered nation | Refines imported spodumene concentrate into battery-grade Li carbonate/hydroxide. |
| Spherical / Coated GraphiteHeilongjiang / Inner Mongolia, China | China | Covered nation | Purification, spheronization and carbon coating; <1% of coated spherical graphite made outside China. |
| Synthetic GraphiteChina | China | Covered nation | Graphitized from needle/petroleum coke at ~2500-3000C; China >61% of global synthetic graphite output. |
Raw material (17)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Iron Phosphate PrecursorChina | China | Covered nation | FePO4 precursor for LFP cathode; made in China from purified phosphoric acid + iron source. |
| Purified Phosphoric Acid (PPA)China | China | Covered nation | Battery-grade PPA; China supplies ~three-quarters of global PPA. Refined from phosphate rock. |
| Phosphate RockChina | China | Covered nation | Phosphate ore feed for PPA; China is a leading phosphate rock producer. |
| Iron Source (ferrous sulfate / iron oxide)China | China | Covered nation | Iron feedstock for FePO4; sourced domestically in China (steel by-product / iron ore). |
| Nickel Sulfate (battery grade)China | China | Covered nation | >70% of nickel sulfate produced in China from imported Indonesian MHP. FEOC chokepoint. |
| Mixed Hydroxide Precipitate (MHP)Obi Island / Halmahera, Indonesia | Indonesia | Elevated sourcing risk | HPAL intermediate from laterite; Indonesian HPAL plants ~75% Chinese-controlled (Tsingshan/Delong). Mixed control. |
| Cobalt Sulfate (battery grade)China | China | Covered nation | ~80% of DRC cobalt is Chinese-owned and refined in China into cobalt sulfate. FEOC chokepoint. |
| Cobalt Hydroxide IntermediateKatanga, DR Congo | Democratic Republic Of Congo | Elevated sourcing risk | Semi-processed cobalt intermediate exported from DRC; production Chinese-dominated. |
| Manganese Sulfate (HPMSM)China | China | Covered nation | China controls ~95% of battery-grade HPMSM. FEOC chokepoint. |
| Lithium Carbonate / HydroxideChina | China | Covered nation | China controls ~85% of global lithium chemical refining. Battery-grade Li salt. FEOC chokepoint. |
| Spodumene ConcentrateWestern Australia | Australia | Elevated sourcing risk | ~70% of Australian spodumene exported to China for refining; some mines Chinese-owned (Greenbushes/Tianqi). |
| Lithium Hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6)China | China | Covered nation | Conductive salt for electrolyte; Tinci/Capchem-class Chinese suppliers dominate. Uses Li + fluorine chemistry. |
| Carbonate Solvents (EC/DMC/EMC)China | China | Covered nation | Organic carbonate solvents for electrolyte; China-manufactured. |
| Natural Flake GraphiteChina | China | Covered nation | >90% of graphite refining to battery-grade spherical graphite happens in China. FEOC chokepoint. |
| Needle Coke / Petroleum CokeChina | China | Covered nation | Calcined coke feedstock for synthetic graphite, refined from heavy oil in China. |
| Copper CathodeChile / DR Congo | Chile | Elevated sourcing risk | Refined copper feed for battery copper foil; ore mined in Chile/DRC, much electrorefined in China. |
| Aluminum (smelted)China | China | Covered nation | Primary aluminum for foil and cell can; China is the dominant global aluminum smelter. |
Mine and extraction (10)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Phosphate Mine (Yunnan/Guizhou)Yunnan / Guizhou, China | China | Covered nation | Domestic Chinese phosphate rock extraction feeding LFP supply chain. |
| Nickel Laterite Mine (Indonesia)Sulawesi / Halmahera, Indonesia | Indonesia | Elevated sourcing risk | Indonesia = 46.9% of 2025 global nickel; laterite ore feed. Chinese-invested operations. |
| Cobalt Mine (DRC)Katanga copper belt, DR Congo | Democratic Republic Of Congo | Elevated sourcing risk | DRC = ~80% of global cobalt; mines largely Chinese-owned. Also ESG/forced-labor flags. |
| Manganese Mine (South Africa/Gabon)Kalahari, South Africa (also Gabon) | South Africa | Elevated sourcing risk | South Africa (~37%) + Gabon (~24%) supply ore feed; refined into HPMSM in China. |
| Hard-Rock Lithium Mine (Greenbushes/Pilbara)Greenbushes / Pilbara, Western Australia | Australia | Elevated sourcing risk | World's largest hard-rock Li mine (Greenbushes, 51% Tianqi). Australian ore, China-refined. |
| Lithium Brine (Chile/Argentina)Atacama, Chile / Argentina | Chile | Elevated sourcing risk | Lithium Triangle brine as secondary feed; often processed to LCE on-site or refined in China. |
| Flake Graphite MineHeilongjiang / Inner Mongolia, China | China | Covered nation | China = ~75% of natural graphite mining (Mozambique/Madagascar minor). Also imports flake from Africa. |
| Flake Graphite Mine (Mozambique/Madagascar)Mozambique / Madagascar | Mozambique | Elevated sourcing risk | African flake graphite (~15% combined) exported to China for spheronization. |
| Copper MineChile / DR Congo / Peru | Chile | Elevated sourcing risk | Copper ore extraction feeding copper foil supply chain. |
| Bauxite MineGuinea / Australia | Guinea | Elevated sourcing risk | Bauxite ore for alumina/aluminum; Guinea and Australia are key sources, much refined in China. |
Material flow (57 relationships)
- CALB (China Aviation Lithium Battery) manufactures LFP Prismatic Cell (LFP prismatic cell)
- CALB (China Aviation Lithium Battery) manufactures NMC Prismatic Cell (NMC prismatic cell)
- CALB (China Aviation Lithium Battery) assembles Battery Pack & BMS (battery pack & BMS)
- Battery Pack & BMS assembles LFP Prismatic Cell (LFP cells into pack)
- Battery Pack & BMS assembles NMC Prismatic Cell (NMC cells into pack)
- LFP Prismatic Cell assembles LFP Cathode Active Material (LFP cathode active material)
- LFP Prismatic Cell assembles Graphite Anode Material (graphite anode)
- LFP Prismatic Cell assembles Electrolyte (electrolyte)
- LFP Prismatic Cell assembles Separator (ceramic-coated PE) (separator)
- LFP Prismatic Cell assembles Copper Foil (anode current collector) (copper foil)
- LFP Prismatic Cell assembles Aluminum Foil (cathode current collector) (aluminum foil)
- LFP Prismatic Cell assembles Cell Can & Terminals (cell can)
- NMC Prismatic Cell assembles NMC Cathode Active Material (CAM) (NMC cathode active material)
- NMC Prismatic Cell assembles Graphite Anode Material (graphite anode)
- NMC Prismatic Cell assembles Electrolyte (electrolyte)
- NMC Prismatic Cell assembles Separator (ceramic-coated PE) (separator)
- NMC Prismatic Cell assembles Copper Foil (anode current collector) (copper foil)
- NMC Prismatic Cell assembles Aluminum Foil (cathode current collector) (aluminum foil)
- NMC Prismatic Cell assembles Cell Can & Terminals (cell can)
- LFP Cathode Active Material supplies Iron Phosphate Precursor (iron phosphate precursor)
- LFP Cathode Active Material supplies Lithium Carbonate / Hydroxide (lithium carbonate)
- Iron Phosphate Precursor supplies Purified Phosphoric Acid (PPA) (purified phosphoric acid)
- Iron Phosphate Precursor supplies Iron Source (ferrous sulfate / iron oxide) (iron source)
- Purified Phosphoric Acid (PPA) refines Phosphate Rock (phosphate rock to PPA)
- Phosphate Rock sources from Phosphate Mine (Yunnan/Guizhou) (phosphate ore)
- NMC Cathode Active Material (CAM) supplies NMC Precursor (pCAM) (NMC precursor (pCAM))
- NMC Cathode Active Material (CAM) supplies Lithium Carbonate / Hydroxide (lithium hydroxide)
- NMC Precursor (pCAM) supplies Nickel Sulfate (battery grade) (nickel sulfate)
- NMC Precursor (pCAM) supplies Cobalt Sulfate (battery grade) (cobalt sulfate)
- NMC Precursor (pCAM) supplies Manganese Sulfate (HPMSM) (manganese sulfate)
- Nickel Sulfate (battery grade) refines Nickel Sulfate Refiner (China) (MHP to nickel sulfate)
- Nickel Sulfate Refiner (China) sources from Mixed Hydroxide Precipitate (MHP) (mixed hydroxide precipitate)
- Mixed Hydroxide Precipitate (MHP) refines Indonesian HPAL Plant (laterite to MHP)
- Indonesian HPAL Plant sources from Nickel Laterite Mine (Indonesia) (nickel laterite ore)
- Cobalt Sulfate (battery grade) refines Cobalt Refiner (China) (cobalt hydroxide to sulfate)
- Cobalt Refiner (China) sources from Cobalt Hydroxide Intermediate (cobalt hydroxide intermediate)
- Cobalt Hydroxide Intermediate sources from Cobalt Mine (DRC) (cobalt ore)
- Manganese Sulfate (HPMSM) refines HPMSM Refiner (China) (manganese ore to HPMSM)
- HPMSM Refiner (China) sources from Manganese Mine (South Africa/Gabon) (manganese ore)
- Lithium Carbonate / Hydroxide refines Lithium Refiner (China) (spodumene to lithium salt)
- Lithium Refiner (China) sources from Spodumene Concentrate (spodumene concentrate)
- Lithium Refiner (China) sources from Lithium Brine (Chile/Argentina) (lithium brine)
- Spodumene Concentrate sources from Hard-Rock Lithium Mine (Greenbushes/Pilbara) (spodumene ore)
- Electrolyte supplies Lithium Hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) (LiPF6 salt)
- Electrolyte supplies Carbonate Solvents (EC/DMC/EMC) (carbonate solvents)
- Lithium Hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) supplies Lithium Carbonate / Hydroxide (lithium for LiPF6)
- Graphite Anode Material supplies Spherical / Coated Graphite (coated spherical graphite)
- Graphite Anode Material supplies Synthetic Graphite (synthetic graphite)
- Spherical / Coated Graphite refines Natural Flake Graphite (flake graphite to spherical)
- Natural Flake Graphite sources from Flake Graphite Mine (flake graphite ore)
- Natural Flake Graphite sources from Flake Graphite Mine (Mozambique/Madagascar) (African flake graphite)
- Synthetic Graphite refines Needle Coke / Petroleum Coke (needle coke to synthetic graphite)
- Copper Foil (anode current collector) supplies Copper Cathode (copper cathode)
- Copper Cathode sources from Copper Mine (copper ore)
- Aluminum Foil (cathode current collector) supplies Aluminum (smelted) (aluminum)
- Cell Can & Terminals supplies Aluminum (smelted) (aluminum)
- Aluminum (smelted) sources from Bauxite Mine (bauxite ore)
Sources and methodology
Research-based supply-chain map compiled from public sources - not an audited bill of materials. Tiers reflect the standard industry structure for this product. Sourcing risk on a node describes where that input is typically mined or refined; it is not a FEOC determination for CALB (China Aviation Lithium Battery), and it is not a screening result for the node itself unless a federal listing is cited against it. Verify against primary documentation before making a compliance determination.
Primary sources (2) - government, filings, standards bodies
Secondary sources (25) - trade press, analysts, reference works
- en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CALB
- evlithium.com evlithium.com/calb_battery/
- batterytechonline.com batterytechonline.com/ev-batteries/calb-powers-ahead-with-revolutionary-u-structure-battery
- crugroup.com crugroup.com/en/communities/thought-leadership/2024/from-surviving-to-thriving-strategic-moves-by-china-battery-producers/
- greenli-ion.com greenli-ion.com/post/what-is-pcam-the-critical-material-behind-next-gen-batteries
- source.benchmarkminerals.com source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/pcam-in-charts-china-retains-cathode-precursor-dominance-as-it-drives-capacity-expansions
- source.benchmarkminerals.com source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/infographic-china-controls-three-quarters-of-graphite-anode-supply-chain
- metals-hub.com metals-hub.com/en/blog/graphite-supply-chain/
- cen.acs.org cen.acs.org/policy/trade/China-restricts-exports-graphite-used/101/i36
- large.stanford.edu large.stanford.edu/courses/2025/ph240/mann1/
- camaltd.com camaltd.com/china-australia-lithium-shift-2026/
- en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenbushes_mine
- mining-technology.com mining-technology.com/features/top-ten-biggest-lithium-mines/
- miningsee.eu miningsee.eu/cobalt-in-2026-global-supply-chains-drc-dominance-chinese-refining-power-and-the-future-of-battery-metals/
- en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang_Huayou_Cobalt
- nbr.org nbr.org/publication/chinas-influence-in-indonesias-nickel-sector-and-implications-for-the-united-states/
- fastmarkets.com fastmarkets.com/insights/mhp-emerges-as-preferred-route-to-sulfate-for-international-nickel-market/
- csis.org csis.org/analysis/indonesias-nickel-industrial-strategy
- ufinebattery.com ufinebattery.com/blog/how-china-dominates-the-global-lfp-battery-market/
- en.capchem.com en.capchem.com/
- yicaiglobal.com yicaiglobal.com/news/enjie-new-material-to-lift-li-ion-battery-separator-output-at-a-cost-of-usd200-million-
- benchmarkminerals.com benchmarkminerals.com/glossary/what-is-manganese
- africangreenminerals.com africangreenminerals.com/minerals/manganese
- benchmarkminerals.com benchmarkminerals.com/glossary/what-is-graphite
- eastcarb.com eastcarb.com/top-ten-graphite-producing-countries/
Common questions
- Where does CALB (China Aviation Lithium Battery) source the inputs in this product?
- This map traces 47 inputs across 8 countries, including 17 mines and refiners. It is compiled from public sources and is not an audited bill of materials.
- How much of the CALB (China Aviation Lithium Battery) supply chain sits in a covered nation?
- 34 of 47 mapped inputs are sited in a covered nation (China, Russia, Iran or North Korea) or named on a federal restricted-party list. A further 13 carry elevated sourcing risk without either basis.
- Is CALB (China Aviation Lithium Battery) itself a Foreign Entity of Concern?
- Yes. CALB (China Aviation Lithium Battery) is named on the DOD Section 1260H list -- a federal restricted-party designation that makes it a foreign entity of concern for IRA clean-energy tax credit purposes. Sourcing risk in this map describes where inputs are mined and refined and is a separate question from the company's own federal screening.