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Where does CALB (China Aviation Lithium Battery) source its components?
China. Supply chain mapped to 45 inputs across 5 countries.
Federal screeningFlagged
Yes. CALB (China Aviation Lithium Battery) is named on the DOD Section 1260H list -- a federal restricted-party designation that makes it a foreign entity of concern for IRA clean-energy tax credit purposes. Is CALB (China Aviation Lithium Battery) a Foreign Entity of Concern?
Upstream sourcing exposure
High91% weighted
1 federally designated - 38 in covered nations - 6 elevated, of 45 nodes.
Where inputs are mined and refined. Not a FEOC determination for the company -- see the federal list screening above.
Refining chokepoint
9 of 9 processing/refining steps in covered nations
Producer1
Component12
Processing / Refining9
Raw Material17
Mine / Extraction6
designated covered nation elevated no known factor not assessed
Loading chain view...
Sourcing Concentration by Country
Covered NationAllied NationOther
Sourcing risk across the graph
Where each input is mined or refined. Not a FEOC determination for the company.
1
Designated (2%)
37
Covered nation (82%)
6
Elevated (13%)
1
No known factor (2%)
Legend
Node Types
Producer
Supplier
Component
Processing / Refining
Raw Material
Mine / Extraction
Logistics
Sourcing risk
Federally designated - named on a restricted-party list
Covered nation - sited in China, Russia, Iran or North Korea
Elevated - documented concentration risk, no federal listing
No known risk factor - not a compliance clearance
Not assessed - no sourcing judgement was made
Relationships
Transformation - manufactures / assembles
Refining - midstream processing (FEOC chokepoint)
Supply handoff - supplies / sources from
Arrows point in the direction material flows (input to product).
Every mapped input in the CALB (China Aviation Lithium Battery) supply chain
45 nodes, grouped by supply-chain tier. Sourcing risk describes where an input is mined or refined; it is not a FEOC determination for CALB (China Aviation Lithium Battery).
Producer (1)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| CALB (China Aviation Lithium Battery)Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (HQ + gigafactories) | China | Federally designated | Named on DOD 1260Has “CALB Group Co., Ltd.” (2026-06-10 Federal Register (Doc. 2026-11571)). Partially state-owned (AVIC origin); makes LFP and NMC prismatic cells for EV, commercial vehicle, and grid storage. 3rd-largest China battery maker. |
Component (12)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| LFP Prismatic CellCALB Changzhou/Chengdu/Wuhan | China | Covered nation | Lithium iron phosphate cell; CALB's primary chemistry for ESS and mass-market EV/CV. |
| NMC Prismatic CellCALB Changzhou | China | Covered nation | Nickel-manganese-cobalt cell for high-energy EV; supplied e.g. to Forsee Power. |
| LFP Cathode Active MaterialChina (Hunan/Sichuan cathode clusters) | China | Covered nation | Over 98% of global LFP CAM is produced in China. |
| NMC Cathode Active MaterialChina | China | Covered nation | China produces ~70% of global cathode active material. |
| Graphite Anode Active MaterialChina | China | Covered nation | China holds ~90% of anode material market and ~98% of graphitization capacity. |
| Polyolefin SeparatorChina | China | Covered nation | China produces ~74% of global separators; PP/PE microporous film. |
| Liquid ElectrolyteChina (Jiangsu/Hunan) | China | Covered nation | China produces ~82% of global electrolyte; carbonate solvents + LiPF6 salt. |
| Copper Foil (Anode Current Collector)China | China | Covered nation | China holds ~80% of global electrodeposited battery copper foil capacity. |
| Aluminum Foil (Cathode Current Collector)China | China | Covered nation | China ~48-52% of global battery aluminum foil capacity. |
| Prismatic Aluminum Cell HousingChina | China | Covered nation | Aluminum can, cap, terminals for prismatic hardcase cell. |
| Iron Phosphate (FePO4) PrecursorChina | China | Covered nation | Made from iron sulfate + phosphoric acid; solid-state LFP precursor. |
| NMC Precursor (pCAM)China (Huayou/GEM/CNGR clusters) | China | Covered nation | China controls ~95% of pCAM capacity; co-precipitated Ni-Mn-Co hydroxide. |
Processing and refining (9)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lithium Conversion RefineryChina (Jiangxi/Sichuan) | China | Covered nation | Converts spodumene to battery-grade Li carbonate/hydroxide; ~73% global share. FEOC chokepoint. |
| Nickel Sulfate RefineryChina | China | Covered nation | Refines Indonesian MHP into battery-grade nickel sulfate. FEOC chokepoint. |
| Cobalt Sulfate RefineryChina (Huayou etc.) | China | Covered nation | ~80-85% of battery-grade cobalt sulfate refined in China. FEOC chokepoint. |
| Manganese Sulfate RefineryChina | China | Covered nation | High-purity manganese sulfate refining concentrated in China. FEOC chokepoint. |
| Spherical Graphite Processing PlantChina | China | Covered nation | Milling/spheronization/purification to 99.95%+; ~85-90% China. FEOC chokepoint. |
| Synthetic Graphite Graphitization FurnacesChina | China | Covered nation | ~98% of global graphitization capacity in China (2500-3000C). FEOC chokepoint. |
| Purified Phosphoric Acid PlantChina | China | Covered nation | China ~75% of PPA; refines phosphate rock to battery-grade. FEOC chokepoint. |
| Copper Smelter/RefineryChina | China | Covered nation | China dominant copper refining; produces cathode for foil. |
| Aluminum SmelterChina | China | Covered nation | China ~55%+ of global aluminum smelting for foil and cell can. |
Raw material (17)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Battery-grade Lithium CarbonateChina | China | Covered nation | Used in LFP; China refines ~73% of global lithium chemicals. |
| Battery-grade Lithium HydroxideChina | China | Covered nation | Used in high-nickel NMC; China dominates conversion step. |
| Nickel SulfateChina | China | Covered nation | Refined in China from Indonesian MHP; feeds pCAM. |
| Cobalt SulfateChina | China | Covered nation | China refines ~80-85% of battery-grade cobalt sulfate. |
| Manganese SulfateChina | China | Covered nation | High-purity manganese sulfate; China dominates battery-grade refining. |
| Purified Phosphoric Acid (PPA)China | China | Covered nation | China controls ~75% of global PPA supply for LFP. |
| Iron SulfateChina | China | Covered nation | Iron source for FePO4 precursor; often steel/TiO2 byproduct. |
| Spherical/Coated Natural GraphiteChina | China | Covered nation | China ~85-90% of spherical graphite; upgraded to 99.95%+ purity. |
| Synthetic GraphiteChina | China | Covered nation | China >95% of synthetic anode material; graphitized needle/petroleum coke. |
| Lithium Hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6)China | China | Covered nation | China >70% (some est. ~95%) of global LiPF6 electrolyte salt. |
| Carbonate Solvents (EC/DMC/EMC)China | China | Covered nation | Organic carbonate solvents for electrolyte; China-dominant. |
| Refined Copper CathodeChina smelters | China | Covered nation | Copper for foil; China is dominant copper refiner/smelter. |
| Refined AluminumChina | China | Covered nation | China ~55%+ of global primary aluminum smelting. |
| Needle/Petroleum CokeChina | China | Covered nation | Feedstock for synthetic graphite; graphitized in China. |
| Spodumene Concentrate (6% Li2O)Western Australia | Australia | Elevated sourcing risk | Allied-mined but ~80%+ exported to China for refining; refined product flagged. |
| Nickel MHP (Mixed Hydroxide Precipitate)Indonesia (Obi/Halmahera HPAL) | Indonesia | Elevated sourcing risk | Chinese-backed HPAL plants; refined into nickel sulfate in China. |
| Cobalt Hydroxide (intermediate)DRC (Chinese-operated Kolwezi/Tenke) | Democratic Republic Of Congo | Elevated sourcing risk | DRC holds >50% of cobalt resources; intermediate shipped to China. |
Mine and extraction (6)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Greenbushes Lithium MineGreenbushes, Western Australia | Australia | No known risk factor | Talison/Albemarle/IGO; world's largest hard-rock lithium mine. |
| Sulawesi/Halmahera Nickel Laterite MineSulawesi/Halmahera, Indonesia | Indonesia | Elevated sourcing risk | Indonesia holds largest nickel reserves; ore export ban forces domestic HPAL. |
| Katanga Copper-Cobalt MineKolwezi/Katanga Copperbelt, DRC | Democratic Republic Of Congo | Elevated sourcing risk | Largely Chinese-operated (CMOC etc.); >70% of world cobalt supply. |
| Flake Graphite MineHeilongjiang, China (+African flake imports) | China | Covered nation | China dominant natural flake source; >94% of African flake also shipped to China. |
| Manganese Ore MineKalahari Basin, South Africa | South Africa | Elevated sourcing risk | South Africa top manganese ore; refined to battery-grade sulfate in China. |
| Phosphate Rock MineYunnan/Guizhou, China | China | Covered nation | China major phosphate rock producer; feeds PPA for LFP. |
Material flow (54 relationships)
- CALB (China Aviation Lithium Battery) manufactures LFP Prismatic Cell (LFP prismatic cell)
- CALB (China Aviation Lithium Battery) manufactures NMC Prismatic Cell (NMC prismatic cell)
- LFP Prismatic Cell assembles LFP Cathode Active Material (LFP cathode active material)
- LFP Prismatic Cell assembles Graphite Anode Active Material (graphite anode)
- LFP Prismatic Cell assembles Polyolefin Separator (separator)
- LFP Prismatic Cell assembles Liquid Electrolyte (electrolyte)
- LFP Prismatic Cell assembles Copper Foil (Anode Current Collector) (copper foil)
- LFP Prismatic Cell assembles Aluminum Foil (Cathode Current Collector) (aluminum foil)
- LFP Prismatic Cell assembles Prismatic Aluminum Cell Housing (cell housing)
- NMC Prismatic Cell assembles NMC Cathode Active Material (NMC cathode active material)
- NMC Prismatic Cell assembles Graphite Anode Active Material (graphite anode)
- NMC Prismatic Cell assembles Polyolefin Separator (separator)
- NMC Prismatic Cell assembles Liquid Electrolyte (electrolyte)
- NMC Prismatic Cell assembles Copper Foil (Anode Current Collector) (copper foil)
- NMC Prismatic Cell assembles Aluminum Foil (Cathode Current Collector) (aluminum foil)
- NMC Prismatic Cell assembles Prismatic Aluminum Cell Housing (cell housing)
- LFP Cathode Active Material supplies Iron Phosphate (FePO4) Precursor (iron phosphate precursor)
- LFP Cathode Active Material supplies Battery-grade Lithium Carbonate (lithium carbonate)
- NMC Cathode Active Material supplies NMC Precursor (pCAM) (NMC precursor (pCAM))
- NMC Cathode Active Material supplies Battery-grade Lithium Hydroxide (lithium hydroxide)
- Iron Phosphate (FePO4) Precursor supplies Iron Sulfate (iron sulfate)
- Iron Phosphate (FePO4) Precursor supplies Purified Phosphoric Acid (PPA) (purified phosphoric acid)
- NMC Precursor (pCAM) supplies Nickel Sulfate (nickel sulfate)
- NMC Precursor (pCAM) supplies Cobalt Sulfate (cobalt sulfate)
- NMC Precursor (pCAM) supplies Manganese Sulfate (manganese sulfate)
- Graphite Anode Active Material supplies Spherical/Coated Natural Graphite (spherical natural graphite)
- Graphite Anode Active Material supplies Synthetic Graphite (synthetic graphite)
- Liquid Electrolyte supplies Lithium Hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) (LiPF6 salt)
- Liquid Electrolyte supplies Carbonate Solvents (EC/DMC/EMC) (carbonate solvents)
- Copper Foil (Anode Current Collector) supplies Refined Copper Cathode (refined copper)
- Aluminum Foil (Cathode Current Collector) supplies Refined Aluminum (refined aluminum)
- Prismatic Aluminum Cell Housing supplies Refined Aluminum (refined aluminum)
- Synthetic Graphite supplies Needle/Petroleum Coke (needle/petroleum coke)
- Battery-grade Lithium Carbonate refines Lithium Conversion Refinery (lithium carbonate)
- Battery-grade Lithium Hydroxide refines Lithium Conversion Refinery (lithium hydroxide)
- Lithium Conversion Refinery refines Spodumene Concentrate (6% Li2O) (spodumene concentrate)
- Spodumene Concentrate (6% Li2O) sources from Greenbushes Lithium Mine (spodumene ore)
- Nickel Sulfate refines Nickel Sulfate Refinery (nickel sulfate)
- Nickel Sulfate Refinery refines Nickel MHP (Mixed Hydroxide Precipitate) (nickel MHP)
- Nickel MHP (Mixed Hydroxide Precipitate) sources from Sulawesi/Halmahera Nickel Laterite Mine (nickel laterite ore)
- Cobalt Sulfate refines Cobalt Sulfate Refinery (cobalt sulfate)
- Cobalt Sulfate Refinery refines Cobalt Hydroxide (intermediate) (cobalt hydroxide intermediate)
- Cobalt Hydroxide (intermediate) sources from Katanga Copper-Cobalt Mine (copper-cobalt ore)
- Manganese Sulfate refines Manganese Sulfate Refinery (manganese sulfate)
- Manganese Sulfate Refinery sources from Manganese Ore Mine (manganese ore)
- Spherical/Coated Natural Graphite refines Spherical Graphite Processing Plant (spherical graphite)
- Spherical Graphite Processing Plant sources from Flake Graphite Mine (flake graphite)
- Synthetic Graphite refines Synthetic Graphite Graphitization Furnaces (synthetic graphite)
- Synthetic Graphite Graphitization Furnaces refines Needle/Petroleum Coke (needle coke feedstock)
- Purified Phosphoric Acid (PPA) refines Purified Phosphoric Acid Plant (purified phosphoric acid)
- Purified Phosphoric Acid Plant sources from Phosphate Rock Mine (phosphate rock)
- Refined Copper Cathode refines Copper Smelter/Refinery (copper cathode)
- Copper Smelter/Refinery sources from Katanga Copper-Cobalt Mine (copper concentrate (copper-cobalt ore))
- Refined Aluminum refines Aluminum Smelter (primary aluminum)
Sources and methodology
Research-based supply-chain map compiled from public sources - not an audited bill of materials. Tiers reflect the standard industry structure for this product. Sourcing risk on a node describes where that input is typically mined or refined; it is not a FEOC determination for CALB (China Aviation Lithium Battery), and it is not a screening result for the node itself unless a federal listing is cited against it. Verify against primary documentation before making a compliance determination.
Primary sources (3) - government, filings, standards bodies
Secondary sources (21) - trade press, analysts, reference works
- en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CALB
- marklines.com marklines.com/en/top500/calb
- evlithium.com evlithium.com/calb_battery/
- forseepower.com forseepower.com/press-release/forsee-power-partners-with-calb-for-the-supply-of-battery-cells-and-strenghtens-its-responsible-sourcing-strategy-31-01-2023/
- csis.org csis.org/analysis/friendshoring-lithium-ion-battery-supply-chain-battery-cell-manufacturing
- energy-solutions.co energy-solutions.co/reports/lithium-chokepoint-china-monopoly/
- camaltd.com camaltd.com/china-australia-lithium-shift-2026/
- woodmac.com woodmac.com/news/opinion/easing-global-reliance-on-chinese-lithium-supplies/
- source.benchmarkminerals.com source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/infographic-china-controls-three-quarters-of-graphite-anode-supply-chain
- metals-hub.com metals-hub.com/en/blog/graphite-supply-chain/
- greenli-ion.com greenli-ion.com/post/demystifying-pcam
- critical-minerals-news.com critical-minerals-news.com/top-10-cobalt-producers/
- fastmarkets.com fastmarkets.com/metals-and-mining/battery-raw-materials/brm-monthly-market-update-2026/
- sciencedirect.com sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378775325018774
- ufinebattery.com ufinebattery.com/blog/how-china-dominates-the-global-lfp-battery-market/
- prismaneconsulting.com prismaneconsulting.com/blog-details/lithium-hexafluorophosphate-lipf6-market-size-price-trade-and-outlook
- grandviewresearch.com grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/copper-foil-market
- takomabattery.com takomabattery.com/top-10-battery-aluminum-foil-manufacturers-in-china/
- woodmac.com woodmac.com/news/opinion/rise-of-indonesian-hpal/
- nickelinstitute.org nickelinstitute.org/en/blog/2025/march/nickel-industry-part-3-processing-nickel-laterites-high-pressure-acid-leaching/
- psmarketresearch.com psmarketresearch.com/market-analysis/indonesian-nickel-sulfate-market-report
Common questions
- Where does CALB (China Aviation Lithium Battery) source the inputs in this product?
- This map traces 45 inputs across 5 countries, including 15 mines and refiners. It is compiled from public sources and is not an audited bill of materials.
- How much of the CALB (China Aviation Lithium Battery) supply chain sits in a covered nation?
- 38 of 45 mapped inputs are sited in a covered nation (China, Russia, Iran or North Korea) or named on a federal restricted-party list. A further 6 carry elevated sourcing risk without either basis.
- Is CALB (China Aviation Lithium Battery) itself a Foreign Entity of Concern?
- Yes. CALB (China Aviation Lithium Battery) is named on the DOD Section 1260H list -- a federal restricted-party designation that makes it a foreign entity of concern for IRA clean-energy tax credit purposes. Sourcing risk in this map describes where inputs are mined and refined and is a separate question from the company's own federal screening.