Back to supply chains
Where does EnerSys source its components?
United States. Supply chain mapped to 39 inputs across 8 countries.
Federal screeningClean
No federal designation found. EnerSys is not named on any of the 3 federal restricted-party lists screened for this record (DOD Section 1260H, BIS Entity List, OFAC SDN List), and the United States is not a covered nation under the FEOC rules. Is EnerSys a Foreign Entity of Concern?
Upstream sourcing exposure
High63% weighted
20 in covered nations - 9 elevated, of 39 nodes.
Where inputs are mined and refined. Not a FEOC determination for the company -- see the federal list screening above.
Refining chokepoint
4 of 6 processing/refining steps in covered nations
Producer1
Supplier1
Component13
Processing / Refining6
Raw Material10
Mine / Extraction8
designated covered nation elevated no known factor not assessed
Loading chain view...
Sourcing Concentration by Country
Covered NationAllied NationOther
Sourcing risk across the graph
Where each input is mined or refined. Not a FEOC determination for the company.
0
Designated (0%)
20
Covered nation (51%)
9
Elevated (23%)
10
No known factor (26%)
Legend
Node Types
Producer
Supplier
Component
Processing / Refining
Raw Material
Mine / Extraction
Logistics
Sourcing risk
Federally designated - named on a restricted-party list
Covered nation - sited in China, Russia, Iran or North Korea
Elevated - documented concentration risk, no federal listing
No known risk factor - not a compliance clearance
Not assessed - no sourcing judgement was made
Relationships
Transformation - manufactures / assembles
Refining - midstream processing (FEOC chokepoint)
Supply handoff - supplies / sources from
Arrows point in the direction material flows (input to product).
Every mapped input in the EnerSys supply chain
39 nodes, grouped by supply-chain tier. Sourcing risk describes where an input is mined or refined; it is not a FEOC determination for EnerSys.
Producer (1)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| EnerSysReading, PA (HQ); Greenville, SC Li-ion gigafactory | United States | No known risk factor | Global stored-energy leader. Makes TPPL/lead-acid and NexSys iON NMC lithium-ion batteries. $500M / 4-5 GWh Greenville SC gigafactory (DOE $199M award), production ~2027-2028. |
Supplier (1)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| BMS Semiconductors (AFE ICs, MOSFETs, MCU)TSMC / OSAT foundries (Taiwan, Malaysia) | Taiwan | Elevated sourcing risk | Analog front-end, protection MOSFETs, microcontrollers. Allied-fabbed but back-end assembly/test partly China. |
Component (13)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| NexSys iON NMC Lithium-ion CellGreenville, SC (planned) | United States | Elevated sourcing risk | Large-format prismatic NMC cells. Cell assembled domestically but upstream cathode/anode/electrolyte inputs are China-dominated midstream. |
| TPPL / Lead-Acid Battery (NexSys PURE, AGM)US/EMEA EnerSys plants | United States | No known risk factor | Thin Plate Pure Lead technology. Lead battery supply chain is ~55% recycled and largely domestic/allied. |
| NMC Cathode Active Material (CAM) | China | Covered nation | Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt lithiated oxide. CAM/pCAM production heavily concentrated in China; precursors are ~70% of cathode cost. |
| pCAM Precursor (Ni-Co-Mn hydroxide) | China | Covered nation | Co-precipitated metal-sulfate precursor. Chinese firms (Huayou, GEM, CNGR) integrate ~80% of sulfate capacity with pCAM. |
| Graphite Anode Active Material | China | Covered nation | China produces 93% of graphite anode material and 99% of spherical graphite. |
| Electrolyte (LiPF6 salt + solvents) | China | Covered nation | LiPF6 salt: China ~95% of global production (Tinci, Do-Fluoride). |
| Cell Separator (porous PE/PP) | China | Covered nation | Wet-process ceramic-coated separators dominated by Chinese suppliers. |
| Battery-grade Copper Foil (anode current collector) | China | Covered nation | Electrodeposited battery copper foil supply concentrated in China. |
| Battery-grade Aluminum Foil (cathode current collector) | China | Covered nation | Cathode foil; battery-grade rolling capacity China-heavy, some allied supply. |
| Battery Management System (BMS) | United States | Elevated sourcing risk | Cell monitoring, balancing, protection. EnerSys-designed BMS; semiconductor inputs globally sourced. |
| Lead Grids / Plates (pure lead)EnerSys US plants | United States | No known risk factor | Thin Plate Pure Lead grids - high-purity lead castings/expanded grids. |
| AGM Separator (glass mat) | United States | No known risk factor | Absorbent glass mat separator; allied/domestic glass-fiber supply. |
| Polypropylene Case / Container | United States | No known risk factor | PP battery containers/lids; commodity petrochemical, domestic/allied. |
Processing and refining (6)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nickel / MHP Refiner (HPAL)Sulawesi HPAL parks (e.g. Morowali/Weda Bay) | Indonesia | Elevated sourcing risk | Indonesia = ~71% of global refined nickel; ~80% Chinese-owned. Mixed-hydroxide precipitate converted to Class-1/sulfate. |
| Cobalt RefinerChinese cobalt sulfate plants | China | Covered nation | DRC crude cobalt hydroxide shipped to China; dissolved in sulfuric acid and crystallized to battery-grade CoSO4. Chinese refineries ~90% of supply. |
| Manganese Sulfate RefinerChinese HPMSM plants | China | Covered nation | Chinese refiners upgrade imported South African ore / electrolytic Mn metal into high-purity sulfate. |
| Lithium Chemical RefinerChinese lithium conversion plants (Jiangsu/Sichuan) | China | Covered nation | Spodumene concentrate converted to battery-grade hydroxide/carbonate; ~73% Chinese refining monopoly. |
| Spherical Graphite ProcessorChinese anode plants (Heilongjiang/Inner Mongolia) | China | Covered nation | Spheronization, purification and coating overwhelmingly in China. |
| Lead Smelter / RecyclerUS secondary lead smelters | United States | No known risk factor | Secondary (recycling) + primary smelting. America relies chiefly on recycled lead. |
Raw material (10)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nickel Sulfate (NiSO4) | China | Covered nation | Battery-grade nickel sulfate. Indonesia dominant refined-nickel source but ~80% Chinese-owned; sulfate conversion China-integrated. |
| Cobalt Sulfate (CoSO4) | China | Covered nation | ~80% of global cobalt sulfate/oxide produced in China; remainder mostly Finland. |
| High-Purity Manganese Sulfate (HPMSM) | China | Covered nation | China controls >85% of HPMSM refining for battery cathodes. |
| Battery-grade Lithium Hydroxide/Carbonate | China | Covered nation | China refines ~65-75% of global lithium chemicals - the midstream chokepoint. |
| Coated Spherical Graphite | China | Covered nation | Flake milled to spheres and carbon-coated; 99% Chinese processing. China restricts graphite exports. |
| Synthetic Graphite (petroleum coke route) | China | Covered nation | Made from needle/petroleum coke; ~half of synthetic graphite produced in China, which also makes ~69% of low-sulfur petcoke. |
| Refined Lead | United States | No known risk factor | US lead battery supply is ~55% recycled/secondary lead - largely domestic closed loop. |
| Recycled Lead (spent batteries) | United States | No known risk factor | Closed-loop recovery from spent lead-acid batteries; ~55% of US lead. |
| Lead Alloys (Ca / Sn / Sb) | China | Covered nation | Grid alloying with calcium, tin, antimony. Antimony flagged: China controls >60% of antimony mine output; US has ~no primary antimony. |
| Sulfuric Acid Electrolyte | United States | No known risk factor | Dilute H2SO4 electrolyte; abundant domestic supply. |
Mine and extraction (8)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nickel Laterite OreSulawesi / Halmahera laterite mines | Indonesia | Elevated sourcing risk | Indonesian laterite mining; ore allied-geography but downstream refining Chinese-controlled. |
| Cobalt Ore (DRC)Katanga copper-cobalt belt | Democratic Republic Of Congo | Elevated sourcing risk | DRC = ~80% of mined cobalt; ~80% of DRC output Chinese-SOE controlled. |
| Manganese OreKalahari Manganese Field | South Africa | Elevated sourcing risk | South Africa largest global producer; ore exported to China for refining. |
| Spodumene / Lithium OreWestern Australia hard-rock (e.g. Greenbushes/Pilbara) | Australia | Elevated sourcing risk | Australia = top mined lithium; concentrate typically shipped to China for conversion. |
| Lithium Brine (Chile)Salar de Atacama | Chile | Elevated sourcing risk | Alternative brine feedstock (SQM/Albemarle); allied-mined but chemical conversion often China-routed. |
| Natural Flake GraphiteHeilongjiang graphite mines | China | Covered nation | China mines ~65% of natural graphite. |
| Primary Lead OreMissouri lead belt (also Australia/Peru) | United States | No known risk factor | Primary lead ~45% of supply; US (Missouri), Australia, Peru allied sources. |
| Antimony OreChinese antimony mines | China | Covered nation | China >60% of global antimony; export controls in place. Chokepoint minor metal for lead alloys. |
Material flow (38 relationships)
- EnerSys manufactures NexSys iON NMC Lithium-ion Cell (NMC lithium-ion cell)
- EnerSys manufactures TPPL / Lead-Acid Battery (NexSys PURE, AGM) (TPPL/lead-acid battery)
- NexSys iON NMC Lithium-ion Cell assembles NMC Cathode Active Material (CAM) (cathode active material)
- NexSys iON NMC Lithium-ion Cell assembles Graphite Anode Active Material (anode active material)
- NexSys iON NMC Lithium-ion Cell assembles Electrolyte (LiPF6 salt + solvents) (electrolyte)
- NexSys iON NMC Lithium-ion Cell assembles Cell Separator (porous PE/PP) (separator)
- NexSys iON NMC Lithium-ion Cell assembles Battery-grade Copper Foil (anode current collector) (copper current collector)
- NexSys iON NMC Lithium-ion Cell assembles Battery-grade Aluminum Foil (cathode current collector) (aluminum current collector)
- NexSys iON NMC Lithium-ion Cell assembles Battery Management System (BMS) (battery management system)
- NMC Cathode Active Material (CAM) supplies pCAM Precursor (Ni-Co-Mn hydroxide) (pCAM precursor)
- NMC Cathode Active Material (CAM) supplies Battery-grade Lithium Hydroxide/Carbonate (lithium hydroxide/carbonate)
- pCAM Precursor (Ni-Co-Mn hydroxide) supplies Nickel Sulfate (NiSO4) (nickel sulfate)
- pCAM Precursor (Ni-Co-Mn hydroxide) supplies Cobalt Sulfate (CoSO4) (cobalt sulfate)
- pCAM Precursor (Ni-Co-Mn hydroxide) supplies High-Purity Manganese Sulfate (HPMSM) (manganese sulfate)
- Nickel Sulfate (NiSO4) refines Nickel / MHP Refiner (HPAL) (nickel sulfate)
- Nickel / MHP Refiner (HPAL) sources from Nickel Laterite Ore (nickel laterite ore)
- Cobalt Sulfate (CoSO4) refines Cobalt Refiner (cobalt sulfate)
- Cobalt Refiner sources from Cobalt Ore (DRC) (cobalt ore/hydroxide)
- High-Purity Manganese Sulfate (HPMSM) refines Manganese Sulfate Refiner (manganese sulfate)
- Manganese Sulfate Refiner sources from Manganese Ore (manganese ore)
- Battery-grade Lithium Hydroxide/Carbonate refines Lithium Chemical Refiner (lithium chemical)
- Lithium Chemical Refiner sources from Spodumene / Lithium Ore (spodumene concentrate)
- Lithium Chemical Refiner sources from Lithium Brine (Chile) (lithium brine)
- Graphite Anode Active Material supplies Coated Spherical Graphite (coated spherical graphite)
- Graphite Anode Active Material supplies Synthetic Graphite (petroleum coke route) (synthetic graphite)
- Coated Spherical Graphite refines Spherical Graphite Processor (spherical graphite)
- Spherical Graphite Processor sources from Natural Flake Graphite (flake graphite)
- Battery Management System (BMS) supplies BMS Semiconductors (AFE ICs, MOSFETs, MCU) (semiconductors)
- TPPL / Lead-Acid Battery (NexSys PURE, AGM) assembles Lead Grids / Plates (pure lead) (lead grids/plates)
- TPPL / Lead-Acid Battery (NexSys PURE, AGM) assembles Sulfuric Acid Electrolyte (sulfuric acid electrolyte)
- TPPL / Lead-Acid Battery (NexSys PURE, AGM) assembles AGM Separator (glass mat) (AGM separator)
- TPPL / Lead-Acid Battery (NexSys PURE, AGM) assembles Polypropylene Case / Container (polypropylene case)
- Lead Grids / Plates (pure lead) supplies Refined Lead (refined lead)
- Lead Grids / Plates (pure lead) supplies Lead Alloys (Ca / Sn / Sb) (lead alloy additives)
- Refined Lead refines Lead Smelter / Recycler (refined lead)
- Lead Smelter / Recycler sources from Primary Lead Ore (primary lead ore)
- Lead Smelter / Recycler sources from Recycled Lead (spent batteries) (recycled lead scrap)
- Lead Alloys (Ca / Sn / Sb) sources from Antimony Ore (antimony)
Sources and methodology
Research-based supply-chain map compiled from public sources - not an audited bill of materials. Tiers reflect the standard industry structure for this product. Sourcing risk on a node describes where that input is typically mined or refined; it is not a FEOC determination for EnerSys, and it is not a screening result for the node itself unless a federal listing is cited against it. Verify against primary documentation before making a compliance determination.
Secondary sources (16) - trade press, analysts, reference works
- enersys.com enersys.com/en/products/batteries/nexsys/nexsys-tppl-amer/
- industryweek.com industryweek.com/leadership/companies-executives/article/21282967/enersys-chooses-greenville-south-carolina-for-li-ion-cell-gigafactory
- businesswire.com businesswire.com/news/home/20250117989373/en/EnerSys-Completes-Negotiation-of-U.S.-DOE-Award-Supporting-Development-of-Lithium-ion-Gigafactory
- batterydesign.net batterydesign.net/chemistry/cathode/precursor-cathode-active-material/
- source.benchmarkminerals.com source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/infographic-china-controls-three-quarters-of-graphite-anode-supply-chain
- cen.acs.org cen.acs.org/policy/trade/China-restricts-exports-graphite-used/101/i36
- energy-solutions.co energy-solutions.co/reports/lithium-chokepoint-china-monopoly/
- source.benchmarkminerals.com source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/visualising-critical-mineral-refining-by-2030
- cobaltinstitute.org cobaltinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Cobalt-Market-Report-2022_final.pdf
- nai500.com nai500.com/blog/2025/05/top-5-global-manganese-reserves-south-africa-leads-china-bolsters-supply-chain/
- edition.cnn.com edition.cnn.com/2024/04/30/africa/manganese-south-africa-exports-electric-vehicles-batteries-spc-intl
- marketgrowthreports.com marketgrowthreports.com/market-reports/lithium-hexafluorophosphate-lipf6-market-113468
- associationofbatteryrecyclers.com associationofbatteryrecyclers.com/america-relies-on-recycled-lead/
- associationofbatteryrecyclers.com associationofbatteryrecyclers.com/lead-joins-critical-minerals-list/
- discoveryalert.com.au discoveryalert.com.au/world-lead-market-surplus-2026-supply-demand-imbalance/
- nxp.com nxp.com/applications/BATTERY-MANAGEMENT-SYSTEM
Common questions
- Where does EnerSys source the inputs in this product?
- This map traces 39 inputs across 8 countries, including 14 mines and refiners. It is compiled from public sources and is not an audited bill of materials.
- How much of the EnerSys supply chain sits in a covered nation?
- 20 of 39 mapped inputs are sited in a covered nation (China, Russia, Iran or North Korea) or named on a federal restricted-party list. A further 9 carry elevated sourcing risk without either basis.
- Is EnerSys itself a Foreign Entity of Concern?
- No federal designation found. EnerSys is not named on any of the 3 federal restricted-party lists screened for this record (DOD Section 1260H, BIS Entity List, OFAC SDN List), and the United States is not a covered nation under the FEOC rules. Sourcing risk in this map describes where inputs are mined and refined and is a separate question from the company's own federal screening.