Back to supply chains
Where does Fluence Energy source its components?
United States. Supply chain mapped to 32 inputs across 5 countries.
Federal screeningClean
No federal designation found. Fluence Energy is not named on any of the 3 federal restricted-party lists screened for this record (DOD Section 1260H, BIS Entity List, OFAC SDN List), and the United States is not a covered nation under the FEOC rules. Is Fluence Energy a Foreign Entity of Concern?
Upstream sourcing exposure
High66% weighted
18 in covered nations - 6 elevated, of 32 nodes.
Where inputs are mined and refined. Not a FEOC determination for the company -- see the federal list screening above.
Refining chokepoint
2 of 2 processing/refining steps in covered nations
Producer1
Supplier2
Component8
Processing / Refining2
Raw Material14
Mine / Extraction4
Logistics1
designated covered nation elevated no known factor not assessed
Loading chain view...
Sourcing Concentration by Country
Covered NationAllied NationOther
Sourcing risk across the graph
Where each input is mined or refined. Not a FEOC determination for the company.
0
Designated (0%)
18
Covered nation (56%)
6
Elevated (19%)
8
No known factor (25%)
Legend
Node Types
Producer
Supplier
Component
Processing / Refining
Raw Material
Mine / Extraction
Logistics
Sourcing risk
Federally designated - named on a restricted-party list
Covered nation - sited in China, Russia, Iran or North Korea
Elevated - documented concentration risk, no federal listing
No known risk factor - not a compliance clearance
Not assessed - no sourcing judgement was made
Relationships
Transformation - manufactures / assembles
Refining - midstream processing (FEOC chokepoint)
Supply handoff - supplies / sources from
Arrows point in the direction material flows (input to product).
Every mapped input in the Fluence Energy supply chain
32 nodes, grouped by supply-chain tier. Sourcing risk describes where an input is mined or refined; it is not a FEOC determination for Fluence Energy.
Producer (1)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fluence EnergyArlington, VA (HQ); integration in AZ, TX, TN, SC, UT | United States | No known risk factor | Grid-scale BESS integrator (Gridstack / Gridstack Pro / Sunstack). Dual-source cell strategy: ~half US (AESC/Fixx Tennessee), ~half China. Overall clean via domestic-content pathway but China midstream exposure remains. |
Supplier (2)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fixx Energy (ex-AESC) TennesseeSmyrna, TN | United States | No known risk factor | Took over AESC Tennessee cell plant (May 2026); multiyear LFP cell supply agreement with Fluence. Domestic-content cell source. |
| Chinese Cell Supplier (CATL et al.)China cell gigafactories | China | Covered nation | Long-term supply deals with CATL / Chinese cell makers cover ~half of Fluence cell volume; FEOC-flagged imports. |
Component (8)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| LFP Battery Cell (305Ah)Smyrna, TN (Fixx Energy, ex-AESC) + Chinese cell imports | United States | Elevated sourcing risk | Core energy element. US-made cells from Tennessee qualify for domestic content; ~half of supply still imported from Chinese cell makers (CATL and others). |
| Battery Module AssemblyUtah + Arizona module lines | United States | No known risk factor | Cells assembled into modules domestically (Utah/AZ) to build domestic content share; part of Fluence's 5-facility US footprint. |
| Power Conversion System (PCS/Inverter)US + EU + Asia inverter partners (e.g. SMA, Sungrow) | United States | Elevated sourcing risk | Bidirectional grid-forming inverter. Fluence sources from multiple global inverter makers; some Asian-sourced units create review exposure. |
| Enclosure / Steel ContainerUS contract manufacturers (AZ/TX) | United States | No known risk factor | Structural steel enclosure, insulation, doors, cable penetrations. Largely domesticated for domestic-content credit. |
| Thermal Management SystemLiquid-cooling / HVAC + chiller suppliers | United States | Elevated sourcing risk | Liquid cooling and HVAC for cell temperature control; compressor/chiller subcomponents often Asia-sourced. |
| Fire Detection & SuppressionIntegrated gas/smoke detection + suppression | United States | No known risk factor | Safety subsystem integrated into enclosure per NFPA 855 / UL 9540A. |
| BMS & Control ElectronicsFluence OS + BMS/EMS hardware | United States | Elevated sourcing risk | Battery management, EMS and Fluence OS software; PCB/electronic subcomponents have Asian supply exposure. |
| Transformer & SwitchgearMV transformers / switchgear suppliers | United States | Elevated sourcing risk | Low-frequency MV transformer and switchgear for grid interconnect; grain-oriented electrical steel has global (incl. Asian) sourcing. |
Processing and refining (2)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lithium Refiner (China)Chinese lithium converters (Jiangxi/Sichuan) | China | Covered nation | ~67-81% of global spodumene conversion to Li carbonate/hydroxide occurs in China; primary FEOC chokepoint for lithium. |
| Spherical Graphite Refiner (China)Chinese spheroidization/purification plants | China | Covered nation | Spheroidization + HF/thermal purification to 99.95% C. <1% of coated spherical graphite is processed outside China. |
Raw material (14)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| LFP Cathode Active MaterialChinese cathode plants | China | Covered nation | >98% of LFP cathode active material is produced in China; near-monopoly midstream chokepoint even for US-made cells. |
| Graphite Anode Active MaterialChinese anode/coating plants | China | Covered nation | China controls ~74% of graphite anode supply chain and nearly all spherical/coated anode processing. |
| Battery SeparatorChinese separator makers | China | Covered nation | Polyolefin microporous separator; China dominates wet-process separator output for LFP cells. |
| ElectrolyteChinese electrolyte / LiPF6 plants | China | Covered nation | LiPF6 salt in carbonate solvents; China dominates electrolyte and LiPF6 production. |
| Copper Foil (Anode Current Collector)Chinese electrolytic Cu-foil mills | China | Covered nation | Battery-grade rolled/electrodeposited copper foil; Chinese-dominated conversion step. |
| Aluminum Foil (Cathode Current Collector)Chinese Al-foil mills | China | Covered nation | Cathode current collector foil; predominantly Chinese battery-foil supply. |
| Binders & Conductive AdditivesChinese PVDF / carbon-black plants | China | Covered nation | PVDF binder, CMC/SBR and conductive carbon; China leads PVDF battery-grade supply. |
| Iron Phosphate Precursor (FePO4)Chinese iron-phosphate precursor plants | China | Covered nation | pCAM tier: iron sulfate + phosphoric acid -> iron phosphate, then mixed with Li2CO3 to form LFP. Overwhelmingly Chinese. |
| Iron Sulfate (FeSO4)By-product of Chinese TiO2 sulfate process | China | Covered nation | Cheap iron source; by-product of ilmenite smelting for TiO2 pigment in China (~3.5t per t pigment). |
| Phosphoric AcidChinese phosphate chemical plants | China | Covered nation | Battery-grade phosphoric acid reacts with iron sulfate to form iron phosphate precursor. |
| Battery-Grade Lithium CarbonateRefined product feeding LFP cathode | China | Covered nation | LFP chemistry uses lithium carbonate (not hydroxide). Refined predominantly in China. |
| Synthetic Graphite (from Petroleum Coke)Chinese graphitization furnaces | China | Covered nation | Petroleum-coke feedstock graphitized >2500C; alternative anode source, China-dominated for battery grade. |
| Iron Ore FeedstockIron units for FePO4 chain | China | Covered nation | Iron units ultimately trace to iron/ilmenite feedstock; low FEOC concern individually but flows through Chinese chemical chain. |
| SiC / IGBT Power SemiconductorsGlobal power-semi fabs (US/EU/Asia) | United States | Elevated sourcing risk | PCS switching devices; SiC/IGBT from Infineon/onsemi/Wolfspeed-class fabs plus Asian supply -> mixed sourcing. |
Mine and extraction (4)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Spodumene Mine (Australia)Pilbara hard-rock operations (e.g. Greenbushes/Pilgangoora) | Australia | No known risk factor | Australia mines ~70% of hard-rock lithium but exports ~96% to China for refining; allied-mined but China-refined. |
| Lithium Brine (South America)Atacama / lithium triangle brine | Chile | No known risk factor | Alternative lithium feedstock; secondary source to hard rock for carbonate. |
| Natural Flake Graphite Mine (China)Chinese flake graphite mines (e.g. Heilongjiang) | China | Covered nation | China mines ~77% of world natural graphite (~1.4Mt of 1.8Mt in 2025). |
| Natural Flake Graphite Mine (Mozambique)Balama (Syrah Resources) | Mozambique | No known risk factor | World's largest single graphite mine (~350kt/yr); allied-mined but flake still largely China-refined. |
Logistics (1)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Trans-Pacific Import LogisticsChina->US ocean freight | China | Covered nation | Imported cells/materials subject to 25% tariffs on Chinese batteries; motivates domestication. |
Material flow (33 relationships)
- Fluence Energy manufactures LFP Battery Cell (305Ah) (LFP battery cell)
- Fluence Energy assembles Battery Module Assembly (battery module)
- Fluence Energy assembles Power Conversion System (PCS/Inverter) (power conversion system)
- Fluence Energy assembles Enclosure / Steel Container (enclosure / container)
- Fluence Energy assembles Thermal Management System (thermal management)
- Fluence Energy assembles Fire Detection & Suppression (fire suppression)
- Fluence Energy assembles BMS & Control Electronics (BMS / controls)
- Battery Module Assembly assembles LFP Battery Cell (305Ah) (LFP cell into module)
- LFP Battery Cell (305Ah) sources from Fixx Energy (ex-AESC) Tennessee (US-made LFP cell)
- LFP Battery Cell (305Ah) sources from Chinese Cell Supplier (CATL et al.) (imported LFP cell)
- Chinese Cell Supplier (CATL et al.) sources from Trans-Pacific Import Logistics (trans-Pacific import)
- LFP Battery Cell (305Ah) supplies LFP Cathode Active Material (LFP cathode active material)
- LFP Battery Cell (305Ah) supplies Graphite Anode Active Material (graphite anode active material)
- LFP Battery Cell (305Ah) supplies Battery Separator (separator)
- LFP Battery Cell (305Ah) supplies Electrolyte (electrolyte)
- LFP Battery Cell (305Ah) supplies Copper Foil (Anode Current Collector) (copper foil)
- LFP Battery Cell (305Ah) supplies Aluminum Foil (Cathode Current Collector) (aluminum foil)
- LFP Battery Cell (305Ah) supplies Binders & Conductive Additives (binders & additives)
- LFP Cathode Active Material supplies Iron Phosphate Precursor (FePO4) (iron phosphate precursor)
- LFP Cathode Active Material supplies Battery-Grade Lithium Carbonate (lithium carbonate)
- Iron Phosphate Precursor (FePO4) supplies Iron Sulfate (FeSO4) (iron sulfate)
- Iron Phosphate Precursor (FePO4) supplies Phosphoric Acid (phosphoric acid)
- Iron Sulfate (FeSO4) supplies Iron Ore Feedstock (iron feedstock)
- Battery-Grade Lithium Carbonate refines Lithium Refiner (China) (lithium refining)
- Lithium Refiner (China) refines Spodumene Mine (Australia) (spodumene concentrate)
- Lithium Refiner (China) refines Lithium Brine (South America) (lithium brine)
- Graphite Anode Active Material refines Spherical Graphite Refiner (China) (spherical graphite refining)
- Graphite Anode Active Material supplies Synthetic Graphite (from Petroleum Coke) (synthetic graphite)
- Spherical Graphite Refiner (China) refines Natural Flake Graphite Mine (China) (natural flake graphite)
- Spherical Graphite Refiner (China) refines Natural Flake Graphite Mine (Mozambique) (natural flake graphite)
- Power Conversion System (PCS/Inverter) supplies SiC / IGBT Power Semiconductors (SiC/IGBT power semiconductors)
- Power Conversion System (PCS/Inverter) assembles Transformer & Switchgear (transformer & switchgear)
- Thermal Management System supplies Transformer & Switchgear (electrical BOS shared)
Sources and methodology
Research-based supply-chain map compiled from public sources - not an audited bill of materials. Tiers reflect the standard industry structure for this product. Sourcing risk on a node describes where that input is typically mined or refined; it is not a FEOC determination for Fluence Energy, and it is not a screening result for the node itself unless a federal listing is cited against it. Verify against primary documentation before making a compliance determination.
Primary sources (4) - government, filings, standards bodies
- sec.gov sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1868941/000186894125000081/flnc-20250930.htm
- iea.org iea.org/reports/global-critical-minerals-outlook-2025/beyond-nmc-batteries-supply-chain-issues-for-emerging-battery-technologies
- usitc.gov usitc.gov/publications/332/working_papers/gvc_paper.pdf
- pubs.usgs.gov pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2025/mcs2025-graphite.pdf
Secondary sources (20) - trade press, analysts, reference works
- fluenceenergy.com fluenceenergy.com/domestic-content/
- energy-storage.news energy-storage.news/fluence-and-saft-start-us-manufacturing-for-domestic-content/
- energy-storage.news energy-storage.news/fluence-grows-us-manufacturing-footprint-with-arizona-factory-opening/
- solarpowerworldonline.com solarpowerworldonline.com/2026/05/aesc-sells-tennessee-lithium-battery-cell-manufacturing-plant-to-fixx-energy/
- ess-news.com ess-news.com/2025/09/05/fluence-announces-first-shipment-of-us-domestic-content-battery-storage-systems/
- renewableenergyworld.com renewableenergyworld.com/energy-storage/battery/domestic-battery-manufacturing-gets-a-boost-with-fluences-new-production-line/
- energy-storage.news energy-storage.news/fluence-unveils-gridstack-pro-designed-for-largest-and-most-complicated-projects/
- sciencedirect.com sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666248525000071
- sciencedirect.com sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378775325018774
- ufinebattery.com ufinebattery.com/blog/how-china-dominates-the-global-lfp-battery-market/
- woodmac.com woodmac.com/news/opinion/easing-global-reliance-on-chinese-lithium-supplies/
- camaltd.com camaltd.com/china-australia-lithium-shift-2026/
- source.benchmarkminerals.com source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/infographic-china-controls-three-quarters-of-graphite-anode-supply-chain
- modeldiplomat.com modeldiplomat.com/learn/glossary/graphite-refining
- cen.acs.org cen.acs.org/energy/energy-storage-/Lithium-iron-phosphate-comes-to-America/101/i4
- lanxess.com lanxess.com/en/products/brands/bayferrox/lfp-precursors
- mining-technology.com mining-technology.com/analyst-comment/natural-graphite-production/
- tls-containers.com tls-containers.com/tls-blog/critical-components-of-bess-inverter-transformer-and-switchgear-unveiled
- infineon.com infineon.com/cms/en/applications/industrial/energy-storage-systems/power-conversion-systems
- howtostoreelectricity.com howtostoreelectricity.com/silicon-carbide-vs-silicon-bess-pcs/
Common questions
- Where does Fluence Energy source the inputs in this product?
- This map traces 32 inputs across 5 countries, including 6 mines and refiners. It is compiled from public sources and is not an audited bill of materials.
- How much of the Fluence Energy supply chain sits in a covered nation?
- 18 of 32 mapped inputs are sited in a covered nation (China, Russia, Iran or North Korea) or named on a federal restricted-party list. A further 6 carry elevated sourcing risk without either basis.
- Is Fluence Energy itself a Foreign Entity of Concern?
- No federal designation found. Fluence Energy is not named on any of the 3 federal restricted-party lists screened for this record (DOD Section 1260H, BIS Entity List, OFAC SDN List), and the United States is not a covered nation under the FEOC rules. Sourcing risk in this map describes where inputs are mined and refined and is a separate question from the company's own federal screening.