Back to supply chains
Where does Huawei / FusionSolar source its components?
China. Supply chain mapped to 45 inputs across 5 countries.
Federal screeningFlagged
Yes. Huawei (FusionSolar) is named on the DOD Section 1260H list and the BIS Entity List -- a federal restricted-party designation that makes it a foreign entity of concern for IRA clean-energy tax credit purposes. Is Huawei / FusionSolar a Foreign Entity of Concern?
Upstream sourcing exposure
High94% weighted
40 in covered nations - 5 elevated, of 45 nodes.
Where inputs are mined and refined. Not a FEOC determination for the company -- see the federal list screening above.
Refining chokepoint
8 of 8 processing/refining steps in covered nations
Producer1
Supplier1
Component10
Processing / Refining8
Raw Material18
Mine / Extraction6
Logistics1
designated covered nation elevated no known factor not assessed
Loading chain view...
Sourcing Concentration by Country
Covered NationAllied NationOther
Sourcing risk across the graph
Where each input is mined or refined. Not a FEOC determination for the company.
0
Designated (0%)
40
Covered nation (89%)
5
Elevated (11%)
0
No known factor (0%)
Legend
Node Types
Producer
Supplier
Component
Processing / Refining
Raw Material
Mine / Extraction
Logistics
Sourcing risk
Federally designated - named on a restricted-party list
Covered nation - sited in China, Russia, Iran or North Korea
Elevated - documented concentration risk, no federal listing
No known risk factor - not a compliance clearance
Not assessed - no sourcing judgement was made
Relationships
Transformation - manufactures / assembles
Refining - midstream processing (FEOC chokepoint)
Supply handoff - supplies / sources from
Arrows point in the direction material flows (input to product).
Every mapped input in the Huawei / FusionSolar supply chain
45 nodes, grouped by supply-chain tier. Sourcing risk describes where an input is mined or refined; it is not a FEOC determination for Huawei / FusionSolar.
Producer (1)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Huawei / FusionSolarDongguan / Shenzhen, China | China | Covered nation | Chinese state-linked OEM; FusionSolar string inverters + LUNA2000 ESS. FEOC-flagged as a China-controlled entity. |
Supplier (1)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Logic/DSP Chip (wafer fab)SMIC-class fab, China | China | Covered nation | Control silicon fabbed domestically post US export controls. |
Component (10)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Smart String Inverter (SUN2000)China | China | Covered nation | Core DC-AC power conversion unit; assembled in-house by Huawei. |
| LUNA2000 Battery Energy Storage SystemChina | China | Covered nation | Residential/C&I LFP ESS; module+BMS architecture. |
| Smart PV Optimizer (MERC)China | China | Covered nation | Module-level DC optimizer; buck-boost power electronics. |
| Enclosure & Heatsink AssemblyChina | China | Covered nation | Die-cast aluminum enclosure + heatsink for thermal management. |
| IGBT / SiC Power ModuleChina (e.g. StarPower/BYD-class domestic IDMs) | China | Covered nation | Power switching module. Huawei shifted to domestic Chinese IGBT/SiC after US export controls. |
| Magnetics / Inductor & TransformerChina | China | Covered nation | Boost inductors and isolation magnetics. |
| DC-Link & Film CapacitorsChina | China | Covered nation | Aluminum electrolytic + metallized film capacitors for DC bus. |
| Control Board & DSP (MCU/PCB)China | China | Covered nation | Digital control, DSP/MCU, gate drivers on multilayer PCB. |
| LFP Battery CellChina (CATL/EVE-class) | China | Covered nation | LiFePO4 prismatic cells for LUNA2000; sourced from top Chinese cell makers. |
| Battery Management System (BMS)China | China | Covered nation | Cell balancing, monitoring, protection electronics for LUNA2000. |
Processing and refining (8)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Silicon Metal Smelter (arc furnace)Yunnan / Xinjiang, China | China | Covered nation | Carbothermic reduction of quartz to Si metal; China dominates. Xinjiang linked = FEOC/UFLPA exposure. |
| Gallium Refiner (alumina by-product)China | China | Covered nation | Recovered from Bayer-process alumina liquor; China near-monopoly, export-controlled since 2023. |
| Steel Mill / Electrical Steel LineChina | China | Covered nation | Smelting + cold-rolling to electrical steel done in China -> flagged at refining chokepoint. |
| Copper Smelter / RefineryChina | China | Covered nation | China smelts ~45%+ of world refined copper; refining chokepoint -> flagged. |
| Tantalum RefinerChina | China | Covered nation | Much tantalum processed in China; refining chokepoint. |
| Lithium Chemical RefinerChina | China | Covered nation | China refines ~65-70% of battery lithium chemicals; the FEOC chokepoint. |
| Spherical Graphite Refiner (spheronize/purify/coat)China | China | Covered nation | Milling, spheronization, HF/thermal purification, carbon coating -> China near-monopoly. Core FEOC chokepoint. |
| Alumina Refinery + Aluminum SmelterChina | China | Covered nation | Bayer alumina + Hall-Heroult smelting in China (~60% of world primary aluminum) -> flagged. |
Raw material (18)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Silicon Wafer (power die substrate)China | China | Covered nation | Power semiconductor wafer; wafer fab (SMIC-class) domestic post-sanctions. |
| Silicon Carbide SubstrateChina | China | Covered nation | SiC boule/wafer for high-efficiency modules; China rapidly scaling SiC capacity. |
| AlSiC BaseplateChina | China | Covered nation | Aluminum-silicon-carbide baseplate for power module thermal management. |
| Silicon MetalChina | China | Covered nation | Metallurgical silicon feedstock for wafers/SiC; China ~70%+ of global silicon metal output. |
| Gallium (GaN/dopant)China | China | Covered nation | Gallium for advanced power devices; China ~98% of refined gallium and restricts exports. |
| Electrical Steel / Ferrite CoreChina | China | Covered nation | Grain-oriented electrical steel + ferrite cores; China largest producer. |
| Copper Magnet Wire & BusbarsChina | China | Covered nation | Copper windings/busbars/foil; China dominates copper wire fabrication. |
| Etched Aluminum Anode FoilChina | China | Covered nation | High-purity etched/formed aluminum foil; China dominates electrolytic-cap foil. |
| Tantalum (MLCC/electrolytic)DRC / Rwanda | Democratic Republic Of Congo | Elevated sourcing risk | Tantalum from Central Africa; conflict-mineral scrutiny. |
| Gold (bond wire / plating)Global | China | Covered nation | Gold for bonding/plating; mined globally, refined widely incl. China. |
| LFP Cathode Active MaterialChina | China | Covered nation | Lithium iron phosphate cathode powder; China ~99% of LFP cathode output. |
| Iron Phosphate Precursor (pCAM)China | China | Covered nation | FePO4 precursor synthesized from iron + phosphoric acid; China-dominated. |
| Battery-Grade Lithium CarbonateChina | China | Covered nation | Refined Li2CO3 for cathode; refining chokepoint in China. |
| Graphite Anode Active MaterialChina | China | Covered nation | Spherical/coated graphite anode; China ~99% of anode material. |
| Battery Electrolyte (LiPF6)China | China | Covered nation | LiPF6 salt + carbonate solvents; China dominates electrolyte and LiPF6. |
| Battery Separator (PE/ceramic)China | China | Covered nation | Wet-process polyolefin separator; China leads separator output. |
| Battery Copper Foil (anode current collector)China | China | Covered nation | Electrodeposited copper foil; China dominates. Feeds from copper smelter. |
| Die-Cast Aluminum (enclosure/heatsink)China | China | Covered nation | ADC12-class die-cast aluminum for housings/heatsinks. |
Mine and extraction (6)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Quartzite (silica) MineChina | China | Covered nation | High-purity quartz feedstock mined domestically; also imports from US/Norway for high-grade. |
| Iron Ore MinePilbara, Australia | Australia | Elevated sourcing risk | Iron ore largely allied-mined (Australia/Brazil) but shipped to China for steelmaking. |
| Copper MineChile / Peru / DRC | Chile | Elevated sourcing risk | Copper concentrate mined in allied/mixed jurisdictions. |
| Spodumene / Lithium MineGreenbushes / Pilbara, Australia | Australia | Elevated sourcing risk | Spodumene mostly Australian-mined but shipped to China for conversion. |
| Natural Flake Graphite MineHeilongjiang, China | China | Covered nation | China ~79% of mined natural graphite; also synthetic (needle coke) route. |
| Bauxite MineGuinea / Australia | Guinea | Elevated sourcing risk | Bauxite mined in Guinea/Australia; ore itself allied/mixed. |
Logistics (1)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ocean Freight & DistributionShenzhen / Shanghai ports | China | Covered nation | Finished-goods export logistics from Chinese ports to global markets. |
Material flow (62 relationships)
- Huawei / FusionSolar manufactures Smart String Inverter (SUN2000) (Smart String Inverter)
- Huawei / FusionSolar manufactures LUNA2000 Battery Energy Storage System (LUNA2000 ESS)
- Huawei / FusionSolar manufactures Smart PV Optimizer (MERC) (PV Optimizer)
- Huawei / FusionSolar assembles Enclosure & Heatsink Assembly (Enclosure & Heatsink)
- Huawei / FusionSolar sources from Ocean Freight & Distribution (Freight & distribution)
- Smart String Inverter (SUN2000) assembles IGBT / SiC Power Module (IGBT/SiC power module)
- Smart String Inverter (SUN2000) assembles Magnetics / Inductor & Transformer (Magnetics/inductor)
- Smart String Inverter (SUN2000) assembles DC-Link & Film Capacitors (DC-link capacitors)
- Smart String Inverter (SUN2000) assembles Control Board & DSP (MCU/PCB) (Control board & DSP)
- Smart PV Optimizer (MERC) assembles IGBT / SiC Power Module (Power switches)
- Smart PV Optimizer (MERC) assembles Control Board & DSP (MCU/PCB) (Control electronics)
- IGBT / SiC Power Module supplies Silicon Wafer (power die substrate) (Silicon power die)
- IGBT / SiC Power Module supplies Silicon Carbide Substrate (SiC die)
- IGBT / SiC Power Module supplies AlSiC Baseplate (AlSiC baseplate)
- IGBT / SiC Power Module supplies Gallium (GaN/dopant) (Gallium (GaN devices))
- Silicon Wafer (power die substrate) supplies Silicon Metal (Silicon metal feedstock)
- Silicon Carbide Substrate supplies Silicon Metal (Silicon feedstock)
- AlSiC Baseplate supplies Silicon Metal (Silicon carbide phase)
- Silicon Metal refines Silicon Metal Smelter (arc furnace) (Silicon metal)
- Silicon Metal Smelter (arc furnace) sources from Quartzite (silica) Mine (Quartzite ore)
- Quartzite (silica) Mine refines Silicon Metal (Silica -> silicon)
- Gallium (GaN/dopant) refines Gallium Refiner (alumina by-product) (Refined gallium)
- Gallium Refiner (alumina by-product) sources from Alumina Refinery + Aluminum Smelter (Alumina liquor by-product)
- Magnetics / Inductor & Transformer supplies Electrical Steel / Ferrite Core (Electrical steel/ferrite core)
- Magnetics / Inductor & Transformer supplies Copper Magnet Wire & Busbars (Copper magnet wire)
- Electrical Steel / Ferrite Core refines Steel Mill / Electrical Steel Line (Electrical steel)
- Steel Mill / Electrical Steel Line sources from Iron Ore Mine (Iron ore)
- Iron Ore Mine refines Electrical Steel / Ferrite Core (Iron ore -> steel)
- Copper Magnet Wire & Busbars refines Copper Smelter / Refinery (Refined copper)
- Copper Smelter / Refinery sources from Copper Mine (Copper concentrate)
- Copper Mine refines Copper Magnet Wire & Busbars (Copper ore -> cathode)
- DC-Link & Film Capacitors supplies Etched Aluminum Anode Foil (Etched aluminum foil)
- DC-Link & Film Capacitors supplies Tantalum (MLCC/electrolytic) (Tantalum)
- Etched Aluminum Anode Foil refines Alumina Refinery + Aluminum Smelter (Aluminum -> foil)
- Tantalum (MLCC/electrolytic) refines Tantalum Refiner (Refined tantalum)
- Control Board & DSP (MCU/PCB) supplies Logic/DSP Chip (wafer fab) (DSP/MCU chip)
- Control Board & DSP (MCU/PCB) supplies Gold (bond wire / plating) (Gold bond wire/plating)
- Control Board & DSP (MCU/PCB) supplies Copper Magnet Wire & Busbars (Copper-clad laminate)
- Logic/DSP Chip (wafer fab) supplies Silicon Wafer (power die substrate) (Silicon wafer)
- LUNA2000 Battery Energy Storage System assembles LFP Battery Cell (LFP battery cell)
- LUNA2000 Battery Energy Storage System assembles Battery Management System (BMS) (BMS)
- LUNA2000 Battery Energy Storage System assembles Enclosure & Heatsink Assembly (Pack enclosure)
- LFP Battery Cell supplies LFP Cathode Active Material (LFP cathode active material)
- LFP Battery Cell supplies Graphite Anode Active Material (Graphite anode)
- LFP Battery Cell supplies Battery Electrolyte (LiPF6) (Electrolyte)
- LFP Battery Cell supplies Battery Separator (PE/ceramic) (Separator)
- LFP Battery Cell supplies Battery Copper Foil (anode current collector) (Copper foil current collector)
- LFP Cathode Active Material supplies Iron Phosphate Precursor (pCAM) (Iron phosphate precursor)
- LFP Cathode Active Material supplies Battery-Grade Lithium Carbonate (Lithium carbonate)
- Battery-Grade Lithium Carbonate refines Lithium Chemical Refiner (Battery-grade Li2CO3)
- Lithium Chemical Refiner sources from Spodumene / Lithium Mine (Spodumene concentrate)
- Spodumene / Lithium Mine refines Battery-Grade Lithium Carbonate (Spodumene -> lithium chemical)
- Iron Phosphate Precursor (pCAM) sources from Iron Ore Mine (Iron source)
- Graphite Anode Active Material refines Spherical Graphite Refiner (spheronize/purify/coat) (Spherical/coated graphite)
- Spherical Graphite Refiner (spheronize/purify/coat) sources from Natural Flake Graphite Mine (Natural flake graphite)
- Natural Flake Graphite Mine refines Graphite Anode Active Material (Flake -> anode material)
- Battery Copper Foil (anode current collector) refines Copper Smelter / Refinery (Copper foil)
- Enclosure & Heatsink Assembly supplies Die-Cast Aluminum (enclosure/heatsink) (Die-cast aluminum)
- Die-Cast Aluminum (enclosure/heatsink) refines Alumina Refinery + Aluminum Smelter (Aluminum ingot)
- Alumina Refinery + Aluminum Smelter sources from Bauxite Mine (Bauxite ore)
- Bauxite Mine refines Die-Cast Aluminum (enclosure/heatsink) (Bauxite -> aluminum)
- Battery Management System (BMS) supplies Logic/DSP Chip (wafer fab) (BMS control IC)
Sources and methodology
Research-based supply-chain map compiled from public sources - not an audited bill of materials. Tiers reflect the standard industry structure for this product. Sourcing risk on a node describes where that input is typically mined or refined; it is not a FEOC determination for Huawei / FusionSolar, and it is not a screening result for the node itself unless a federal listing is cited against it. Verify against primary documentation before making a compliance determination.
Primary sources (2) - government, filings, standards bodies
Secondary sources (9) - trade press, analysts, reference works
- solar.huawei.com solar.huawei.com/en/products/luna2000-7-14-21-s1/
- pveurope.eu pveurope.eu/inverter/huawei-debuts-fusionsolar-90-grid-forming-string-inverters
- en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CATL
- arenaev.com arenaev.com/huawei_and_seres_will_work_with_catl_on_new_m3p_battery-news-760.php
- visualcapitalist.com visualcapitalist.com/charted-chinas-grip-on-critical-mineral-refining/
- mercomindia.com mercomindia.com/chinas-dominance-in-critical-minerals-supply-and-refining-continues-iea
- rareearthexchanges.com rareearthexchanges.com/news/beyond-rare-earths-five-critical-minerals-under-chinas-near-monopoly/
- tycorun.com tycorun.com/blogs/news/top-10-inverter-igbt-companies-in-china
- samaterials.com samaterials.com/aluminium/1885-alsic-aluminum-silicon-carbide-igbt-base-plate.html
Common questions
- Where does Huawei / FusionSolar source the inputs in this product?
- This map traces 45 inputs across 5 countries, including 14 mines and refiners. It is compiled from public sources and is not an audited bill of materials.
- How much of the Huawei / FusionSolar supply chain sits in a covered nation?
- 40 of 45 mapped inputs are sited in a covered nation (China, Russia, Iran or North Korea) or named on a federal restricted-party list. A further 5 carry elevated sourcing risk without either basis.
- Is Huawei / FusionSolar itself a Foreign Entity of Concern?
- Yes. Huawei (FusionSolar) is named on the DOD Section 1260H list and the BIS Entity List -- a federal restricted-party designation that makes it a foreign entity of concern for IRA clean-energy tax credit purposes. Sourcing risk in this map describes where inputs are mined and refined and is a separate question from the company's own federal screening.