Back to supply chains
Where does JinkoSolar source its components?
China. Supply chain mapped to 39 inputs across 5 countries.
Federal screeningFlagged
Yes. JinkoSolar is organized in China, a covered nation under the FEOC rules, which makes it a foreign entity of concern for IRA clean-energy tax credit purposes. It is not named on any of the 3 federal restricted-party lists screened for this record (DOD Section 1260H, BIS Entity List, OFAC SDN List). Is JinkoSolar a Foreign Entity of Concern?
Upstream sourcing exposure
High85% weighted
31 in covered nations - 4 elevated, of 39 nodes.
Where inputs are mined and refined. Not a FEOC determination for the company -- see the federal list screening above.
Refining chokepoint
6 of 6 processing/refining steps in covered nations
Producer1
Supplier1
Component10
Processing / Refining6
Raw Material15
Mine / Extraction6
designated covered nation elevated no known factor not assessed
Loading chain view...
Sourcing Concentration by Country
Covered NationAllied NationOther
Sourcing risk across the graph
Where each input is mined or refined. Not a FEOC determination for the company.
0
Designated (0%)
31
Covered nation (79%)
4
Elevated (10%)
4
No known factor (10%)
Legend
Node Types
Producer
Supplier
Component
Processing / Refining
Raw Material
Mine / Extraction
Logistics
Sourcing risk
Federally designated - named on a restricted-party list
Covered nation - sited in China, Russia, Iran or North Korea
Elevated - documented concentration risk, no federal listing
No known risk factor - not a compliance clearance
Not assessed - no sourcing judgement was made
Relationships
Transformation - manufactures / assembles
Refining - midstream processing (FEOC chokepoint)
Supply handoff - supplies / sources from
Arrows point in the direction material flows (input to product).
Every mapped input in the JinkoSolar supply chain
39 nodes, grouped by supply-chain tier. Sourcing risk describes where an input is mined or refined; it is not a FEOC determination for JinkoSolar.
Producer (1)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| JinkoSolar (PV Module)Jiangxi / Zhejiang, China (module assembly); Jacksonville, FL (US module line) | China | Covered nation | World's largest solar module maker; vertically integrated ingot-wafer-cell-module. Shipments detained under UFLPA in 2022; sources Xinjiang-linked polysilicon. |
Supplier (1)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bypass Diodes / ElectronicsChina | China | Covered nation | Semiconductor bypass diodes inside junction box. |
Component (10)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Solar Cell (N-type TOPCon)JinkoSolar cell fabs, China | China | Covered nation | Jinko produces its own cells (N-type TOPCon). Silicon wafer + silver paste metallization. |
| Front Solar Glass (low-iron tempered)China | China | Covered nation | Tempered ultra-clear low-iron glass; China dominates solar glass output (Xinyi, Flat Glass Group). |
| Aluminum FrameChina (extrusion) | China | Covered nation | Extruded anodized aluminum structural frame; China ~58-60% of global primary aluminum. |
| EVA Encapsulant FilmChina | China | Covered nation | Ethylene-vinyl-acetate film bonding cells to glass/backsheet; China dominates PV film supply (HIUV etc.). |
| Backsheet (TPT/fluoropolymer)China | China | Covered nation | Polymer back layer (Tedlar/PET/PVDF composite); largely Chinese-produced for Chinese modules. |
| Cell Interconnect Ribbon (tabbing/busbar)China | China | Covered nation | Tin-coated copper ribbon interconnecting cells. |
| Junction Box + CablingChina | China | Covered nation | Junction box with bypass diodes, copper cabling and MC4 connectors. |
| Silver Metallization PasteChina | China | Covered nation | Screen-printed conductive paste forming cell electrodes; ~30% of module cost. China-formulated paste from refined silver. |
| Monocrystalline Silicon WaferChina | China | Covered nation | Sliced from mono ingot pulled from polysilicon; China ~97% of global wafer output. |
| Mono Silicon IngotChina | China | Covered nation | Czochralski-pulled single-crystal ingot from polysilicon feedstock. |
Processing and refining (6)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polysilicon Refiner (Siemens process)Xinjiang & Inner Mongolia, China (Daqo/GCL/East Hope) | China | Covered nation | Refines silicon metal to solar-grade polysilicon. Daqo, GCL, East Hope named by DHS as Xinjiang-linked forced-labor risk. |
| Silicon Metal Smelter (Hoshine)Shihezi & Shanshan, Xinjiang; Yunnan, China | China | Covered nation | Carbothermic reduction of quartzite to silicon metal. Hoshine hit with US WRO in 2021 for Xinjiang forced labor. |
| Silver RefineryChina | China | Covered nation | Refines silver bullion to high-purity powder/flake for paste; China major refining hub even for imported ore. |
| Aluminum Smelter (Hall-Héroult)China | China | Covered nation | Electrolytic smelting of alumina to aluminum metal; energy-intensive, coal-powered in China. |
| Alumina Refinery (Bayer process)China | China | Covered nation | Bayer-process refining of bauxite to alumina; China dominant. |
| Copper Smelter/RefineryChina | China | Covered nation | Smelts/electro-refines copper concentrate to cathode; China dominant refiner of imported concentrate. |
Raw material (15)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Solar-Grade PolysiliconXinjiang / Inner Mongolia / Sichuan, China | China | Covered nation | Purified to 6N-9N via Siemens process. Major producers Daqo, GCL, Tongwei; Xinjiang supplied up to 45% of world solar-grade polysilicon. |
| Metallurgical-Grade Silicon MetalXinjiang / Yunnan, China | China | Covered nation | 98-99.5% Si feedstock for polysilicon. Hoshine = world's largest producer. |
| Quartzite / Silica Ore (metallurgical)Xinjiang, China | China | Covered nation | SiO2 ore reduced to silicon metal; Hoshine backward-integrated into Xinjiang quartz near labor-transfer sites. |
| High-Purity Quartz (crucible liners)Spruce Pine, North Carolina, USA | United States | Elevated sourcing risk | HPQ crucibles used in ingot pulling; Spruce Pine NC near-monopoly. Allied-mined but consumed in Chinese furnaces. |
| Refined Silver (paste feedstock)China (refining) | China | Covered nation | Silver powder/flake for paste. ~72% of silver is byproduct of Cu/Pb/Zn/Au; China a top-3 refiner. |
| Silver Ore ConcentrateMexico / Peru | Mexico | Elevated sourcing risk | Mexico, Peru, China = 58% of global mine supply; mostly byproduct concentrate. |
| Primary Aluminum (billet)China | China | Covered nation | Smelted aluminum billet for extrusion; China ~58-60% of global primary aluminum. |
| Alumina (Al2O3)China | China | Covered nation | Refined from bauxite via Bayer process; China ~54% of global alumina refining. |
| Bauxite OreGuinea / Australia / China | Guinea | Elevated sourcing risk | Australia 26%, China 24%, Guinea 23% of bauxite; imported ore refined in China. |
| Low-Iron Silica SandChina | China | Covered nation | Ultra-low-iron (<120 ppm Fe2O3) silica sand for PV glass melt. |
| Soda Ash (Na2CO3)China | China | Covered nation | Glass flux; China largest soda ash producer. |
| Refined Copper (ribbon/cabling)China | China | Covered nation | Copper for interconnect ribbon and junction-box cabling; China ~40%+ of global copper smelting/refining. |
| Copper ConcentrateChile / Peru / DRC | Chile | Elevated sourcing risk | Concentrate from allied mines shipped to China for refining. |
| EVA ResinChina | China | Covered nation | Ethylene-vinyl-acetate polymer resin (~30-33% of film); petrochemical-derived, China-supplied. |
| Fluoropolymer / PET FilmChina / global | China | Covered nation | PVDF/PVF (Tedlar) and PET layers for backsheet; some fluoropolymer tech licensed from Western firms. |
Mine and extraction (6)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Quartz / Quartzite MineShanshan / Xinjiang, China | China | Covered nation | Source of metallurgical quartzite; UFLPA detentions demand proof of quartzite origin. |
| High-Purity Quartz Mine (Spruce Pine)Spruce Pine, North Carolina, USA | United States | No known risk factor | Global near-monopoly on HPQ for semiconductor/solar crucibles. |
| Silver MineMexico / Peru | Mexico | No known risk factor | Primary allied silver mine sources; concentrate often shipped to China for refining. |
| Bauxite MineBoké, Guinea / Weipa, Australia | Guinea | No known risk factor | Allied/African bauxite; much shipped to China for refining. |
| Silica Sand Mine (low-iron)China | China | Covered nation | Low-iron quartz sand deposits feeding Chinese solar-glass furnaces. |
| Copper MineChile / Peru | Chile | No known risk factor | Primary allied copper mine sources. |
Material flow (39 relationships)
- JinkoSolar (PV Module) assembles Solar Cell (N-type TOPCon) (Solar cell)
- JinkoSolar (PV Module) assembles Front Solar Glass (low-iron tempered) (Front glass)
- JinkoSolar (PV Module) assembles Aluminum Frame (Aluminum frame)
- JinkoSolar (PV Module) assembles EVA Encapsulant Film (EVA encapsulant)
- JinkoSolar (PV Module) assembles Backsheet (TPT/fluoropolymer) (Backsheet)
- JinkoSolar (PV Module) assembles Cell Interconnect Ribbon (tabbing/busbar) (Interconnect ribbon)
- JinkoSolar (PV Module) assembles Junction Box + Cabling (Junction box)
- Solar Cell (N-type TOPCon) assembles Monocrystalline Silicon Wafer (Silicon wafer)
- Solar Cell (N-type TOPCon) assembles Silver Metallization Paste (Silver paste metallization)
- Monocrystalline Silicon Wafer manufactures Mono Silicon Ingot (Sliced from ingot)
- Mono Silicon Ingot manufactures Solar-Grade Polysilicon (Pulled from polysilicon)
- Mono Silicon Ingot supplies High-Purity Quartz (crucible liners) (HPQ crucible)
- High-Purity Quartz (crucible liners) sources from High-Purity Quartz Mine (Spruce Pine) (High-purity quartz)
- Solar-Grade Polysilicon refines Polysilicon Refiner (Siemens process) (Silicon metal to polysilicon)
- Polysilicon Refiner (Siemens process) sources from Metallurgical-Grade Silicon Metal (Metallurgical silicon feedstock)
- Metallurgical-Grade Silicon Metal refines Silicon Metal Smelter (Hoshine) (Quartzite to silicon metal)
- Silicon Metal Smelter (Hoshine) sources from Quartzite / Silica Ore (metallurgical) (Quartzite ore)
- Quartzite / Silica Ore (metallurgical) sources from Quartz / Quartzite Mine (Silica ore)
- Silver Metallization Paste supplies Refined Silver (paste feedstock) (Refined silver)
- Refined Silver (paste feedstock) refines Silver Refinery (Silver bullion to powder)
- Silver Refinery sources from Silver Ore Concentrate (Silver concentrate)
- Silver Ore Concentrate sources from Silver Mine (Silver ore)
- Aluminum Frame supplies Primary Aluminum (billet) (Aluminum billet)
- Primary Aluminum (billet) refines Aluminum Smelter (Hall-Héroult) (Alumina to aluminum)
- Aluminum Smelter (Hall-Héroult) sources from Alumina (Al2O3) (Alumina)
- Alumina (Al2O3) refines Alumina Refinery (Bayer process) (Bauxite to alumina)
- Alumina Refinery (Bayer process) sources from Bauxite Ore (Bauxite ore)
- Bauxite Ore sources from Bauxite Mine (Bauxite)
- Front Solar Glass (low-iron tempered) supplies Low-Iron Silica Sand (Low-iron silica sand)
- Front Solar Glass (low-iron tempered) supplies Soda Ash (Na2CO3) (Soda ash flux)
- Low-Iron Silica Sand sources from Silica Sand Mine (low-iron) (Silica sand)
- Cell Interconnect Ribbon (tabbing/busbar) supplies Refined Copper (ribbon/cabling) (Refined copper)
- Junction Box + Cabling supplies Refined Copper (ribbon/cabling) (Copper cabling)
- Junction Box + Cabling assembles Bypass Diodes / Electronics (Bypass diodes)
- Refined Copper (ribbon/cabling) refines Copper Smelter/Refinery (Concentrate to cathode)
- Copper Smelter/Refinery sources from Copper Concentrate (Copper concentrate)
- Copper Concentrate sources from Copper Mine (Copper ore)
- EVA Encapsulant Film supplies EVA Resin (EVA resin)
- Backsheet (TPT/fluoropolymer) supplies Fluoropolymer / PET Film (Fluoropolymer/PET film)
Sources and methodology
Research-based supply-chain map compiled from public sources - not an audited bill of materials. Tiers reflect the standard industry structure for this product. Sourcing risk on a node describes where that input is typically mined or refined; it is not a FEOC determination for JinkoSolar, and it is not a screening result for the node itself unless a federal listing is cited against it. Verify against primary documentation before making a compliance determination.
Primary sources (3) - government, filings, standards bodies
Secondary sources (21) - trade press, analysts, reference works
- en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JinkoSolar
- pv-tech.org pv-tech.org/industry-updates/jinkosolar-develops-innovative-recycling-process-for-solar-panels/
- minespider.com minespider.com/blog/know-the-source-the-polysilicon-supply-chain
- itif.org itif.org/publications/2025/09/08/china-plans-to-dominate-a-key-semiconductor-material/
- waferpro.com waferpro.com/chinas-dominance-in-the-global-silicon-supply/
- cen.acs.org cen.acs.org/energy/solar-power/US-solar-polysilicon-supply-problem/100/i33
- pv-magazine.com pv-magazine.com/2022/07/04/reports-reveal-which-manufacturer-is-believed-to-have-product-seized-under-uflpa/
- taipeitimes.com taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2022/11/12/2003788755
- csis.org csis.org/analysis/dark-spot-solar-energy-industry-forced-labor-xinjiang
- washingtonpost.com washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/06/24/china-solar-forced-labor-imports-custom/
- shuforcedlabour.org shuforcedlabour.org/drivingforce/c/270
- news.metal.com news.metal.com/newscontent/101004671/hoshine-silicon-to-add-800000-mtyear-silicon-metal-capacity-in-yunnan/
- thebreakthrough.imgix.net thebreakthrough.imgix.net/Sins-of-Solar_Report_v5.pdf
- ipmi.org ipmi.org/news/solar-panels-and-price-silver
- sciencedirect.com sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364032124009316
- discoveryalert.com.au discoveryalert.com.au/solar-subsidies-aluminium-supply-chains-china-2026/
- rusi.org rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/aluminium-new-critical-mineral-frontier
- pubs.rsc.org pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2025/se/d4se01567c
- xinyisolar.com xinyisolar.com/en/SolarPvGlass/index.aspx
- sinovoltaics.com sinovoltaics.com/learning-center/materials/ethylene-vinyl-acetate-eva-film-composition-and-application/
- pveducation.org pveducation.org/pvcdrom/modules-and-arrays/module-materials
Common questions
- Where does JinkoSolar source the inputs in this product?
- This map traces 39 inputs across 5 countries, including 12 mines and refiners. It is compiled from public sources and is not an audited bill of materials.
- How much of the JinkoSolar supply chain sits in a covered nation?
- 31 of 39 mapped inputs are sited in a covered nation (China, Russia, Iran or North Korea) or named on a federal restricted-party list. A further 4 carry elevated sourcing risk without either basis.
- Is JinkoSolar itself a Foreign Entity of Concern?
- Yes. JinkoSolar is organized in China, a covered nation under the FEOC rules, which makes it a foreign entity of concern for IRA clean-energy tax credit purposes. It is not named on any of the 3 federal restricted-party lists screened for this record (DOD Section 1260H, BIS Entity List, OFAC SDN List). Sourcing risk in this map describes where inputs are mined and refined and is a separate question from the company's own federal screening.