Back to supply chains
Where does Risen Energy source its components?
China. Supply chain mapped to 35 inputs across 5 countries.
Federal screeningFlagged
Yes. Risen Energy is organized in China, a covered nation under the FEOC rules, which makes it a foreign entity of concern for IRA clean-energy tax credit purposes. It is not named on any of the 3 federal restricted-party lists screened for this record (DOD Section 1260H, BIS Entity List, OFAC SDN List). Is Risen Energy a Foreign Entity of Concern?
Upstream sourcing exposure
High90% weighted
31 in covered nations - 1 elevated, of 35 nodes.
Where inputs are mined and refined. Not a FEOC determination for the company -- see the federal list screening above.
Refining chokepoint
6 of 6 processing/refining steps in covered nations
Producer1
Component13
Processing / Refining6
Raw Material8
Mine / Extraction7
designated covered nation elevated no known factor not assessed
Loading chain view...
Sourcing Concentration by Country
Covered NationAllied NationOther
Sourcing risk across the graph
Where each input is mined or refined. Not a FEOC determination for the company.
0
Designated (0%)
31
Covered nation (89%)
1
Elevated (3%)
3
No known factor (9%)
Legend
Node Types
Producer
Supplier
Component
Processing / Refining
Raw Material
Mine / Extraction
Logistics
Sourcing risk
Federally designated - named on a restricted-party list
Covered nation - sited in China, Russia, Iran or North Korea
Elevated - documented concentration risk, no federal listing
No known risk factor - not a compliance clearance
Not assessed - no sourcing judgement was made
Relationships
Transformation - manufactures / assembles
Refining - midstream processing (FEOC chokepoint)
Supply handoff - supplies / sources from
Arrows point in the direction material flows (input to product).
Every mapped input in the Risen Energy supply chain
35 nodes, grouped by supply-chain tier. Sourcing risk describes where an input is mined or refined; it is not a FEOC determination for Risen Energy.
Producer (1)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Risen EnergyNinghai, Zhejiang (HQ); module bases in Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui | China | Covered nation | Top-5 global PV module maker. Vertically integrated from industrial silicon through polysilicon, ingot/wafer, cell and module. Makes n-type TOPCon and HJT (Hyper-ion) panels. Chinese-domiciled = flagged FEOC. |
Component (13)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| PV Module Assembly (n-type TOPCon / HJT)Ninghai / Changzhou / Yiwu module lines | China | Covered nation | Final lamination and assembly of glass-cell-encapsulant-backsheet stack into framed module with junction box. Assembled in China. |
| Solar Cell (n-type TOPCon / HJT)Risen cell fabs, China | China | Covered nation | n-type crystalline silicon cells. HJT adds a-Si:H passivation + ITO TCO layers. Cell fabrication in China. |
| Silicon Wafer / IngotRisen ingot-pulling and wafer slicing, China | China | Covered nation | Monocrystalline n-type ingots pulled (Czochralski) and sliced into ultra-thin wafers. Risen completed ingot+wafer integration in 2023. ~97% of global wafer capacity is Chinese. |
| Solar-grade PolysiliconRisen Orient, Bayannur, Inner Mongolia (10,000 t/yr, ex-Dunan) | China | Covered nation | 9N+ polysilicon via Siemens process. China holds ~65-90% of global polysilicon capacity — the classic FEOC midstream chokepoint. |
| Amorphous Silicon Passivation (a-Si:H) — HJTRisen HJT (Hyper-ion) line, Ninghai | China | Covered nation | Thin hydrogenated a-Si:H passivation layers deposited by PECVD (silane gas). HJT-specific. Processed in China. |
| Transparent Conductive Oxide (ITO) — HJTPVD magnetron sputtering, Risen HJT line | China | Covered nation | Indium tin oxide TCO layer sputtered onto HJT cell for carrier extraction. Consumes indium; deposited in China. |
| Silver Metallization PasteScreen-printed front/rear contacts (HJT uses low-temp <200C paste) | China | Covered nation | Conductive Ag paste forms cell electrodes; ~30% of module cost. Paste formulated in China (historically Ag powder from DOWA/Heraeus/domestic). Flagged on Chinese processing. |
| PV Ribbon / Tabbing Wire (tin-coated copper)Chinese ribbon makers | China | Covered nation | Tin/lead-coated copper flat wire soldered to cells to carry current to busbars. Manufactured in China. |
| Solar Glass (low-iron tempered, AR-coated)Chinese PV-glass float/rolling lines (Xinyi, Flat Glass Group) | China | Covered nation | Ultra-clear patterned low-iron glass with anti-reflective coating; front cover + (bifacial) rear glass. China ~70% of global PV glass. Melted/tempered in China. |
| Encapsulant Film (EVA / POE)Chinese film extruders (First Applied Material, HIUV, Sveck) | China | Covered nation | EVA/POE encapsulant cushions and seals cells between glass and backsheet. Films extruded in China. POE preferred for n-type/HJT. |
| Backsheet (PVDF / PET fluoropolymer)Chinese backsheet makers (Cybrid, Fumotech, ZTT) | China | Covered nation | Rear moisture/UV barrier: fluoropolymer (PVDF/KPF) + PET + adhesive. Bifacial glass-glass modules may omit. Made in China. |
| Aluminum Frame (anodized 6xxx extrusion)Jiangsu / Guangdong / Fujian extruders | China | Covered nation | Anodized 6061/6063 aluminum frame provides structure and edge protection. Extruded + anodized in China. |
| Junction Box (with bypass diodes)Chinese J-box makers | China | Covered nation | Sealed rear enclosure housing bypass diodes, terminals and MC4 output cables. Assembled in China. |
Processing and refining (6)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Industrial (Metallurgical-grade) Silicon SmeltingXinjiang (~34-44% of China output) / Yunnan / Sichuan submerged-arc furnaces | China | Covered nation | Quartzite + carbon reductant smelted to ~98-99% Si metal. Xinjiang concentration raises UFLPA/forced-labor exposure. China dominant refiner = flagged. |
| Indium Refining (from zinc residues)Chinese zinc/lead smelters recovering indium | China | Covered nation | Indium recovered as a byproduct of zinc refining; China ~70% of global refined indium. China imposed indium export controls. Refined in China = flagged. |
| Silver RefiningChinese and international precious-metal refiners | China | Covered nation | Solar Ag requires >99.9% purity. China is a major silver refiner but bullion is globally traded (LBMA); origin blended. Marked review — refining split China/allied. |
| Copper Smelting / Refining (cathode)Chinese smelters (~48% of world refined copper) | China | Covered nation | China refines ~14 Mt (~48%) of world copper cathode — dominant midstream. Refined in China = flagged. |
| Tin Refining (ribbon solder coating)Chinese tin smelters (Yunnan) | China | Covered nation | Tin (with Pb/Ag) solder-coats copper ribbon. China/Indonesia lead tin refining; Chinese refining = flagged. |
| Aluminum Smelting + Alumina RefiningChinese smelters (~56% of world capacity); Bayer + Hall-Heroult | China | Covered nation | Bauxite -> alumina (Bayer) -> aluminum (Hall-Heroult). China ~56% of global smelting capacity. Refined/smelted in China = flagged. |
Raw material (8)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carbon Reductant (metallurgical coal / charcoal / petroleum coke)Chinese coal / coke supply | China | Covered nation | Carbon source consumed in the arc furnace to reduce SiO2 to Si metal. Chinese-sourced coal/coke = flagged. |
| Copper Plating / Electrode (HJT copper metallization)Copper electroplating on HJT TCO (silver-lean roadmap) | China | Covered nation | HJT increasingly uses electroplated copper to cut silver. Copper feed refined in China. |
| Soda Ash / Limestone / Dolomite (glass flux)Chinese soda-ash and carbonate suppliers | China | Covered nation | Soda ash lowers melt temperature; limestone/dolomite stabilize glass. Chinese-sourced fluxes = flagged. |
| EVA / POE ResinBASF-YPC, Sierbang, Sinochem Quanzhou; Wanhua POE | China | Covered nation | Photovoltaic-grade EVA/POE resin. China ramping domestic PV-EVA; POE historically imported (Dow/ExxonMobil/LG). Mixed origin = review. |
| Ethylene / Vinyl Acetate (petrochemical feedstock)Integrated petrochemical complexes (China, Middle East, N. America) | China | Covered nation | Ethylene + vinyl acetate monomers polymerize into EVA. Feedstock from global petchem complexes; origin mixed = review. |
| PVDF Fluoropolymer / PET ResinChinese PVDF resin producers | China | Covered nation | PVDF outer film + PET core. PVDF now largely China-produced (low cost). Flagged on Chinese production. |
| Bypass Diodes / SemiconductorDiode suppliers (China + international) | China | Covered nation | Schottky bypass diodes prevent reverse current/hot spots. Sourced from mixed Chinese/international semiconductor vendors = review. |
| PPO / PPE Engineering Plastic (J-box housing)SABIC, Asahi Kasei (Xyron), domestic Chinese compounders | China | Covered nation | Flame-retardant modified PPO/PPE for weatherable J-box body. Grades from SABIC/Asahi (allied) + Chinese compounders = review. |
Mine and extraction (7)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Quartzite / High-purity Silica MineChinese quartzite deposits (plus imported high-purity quartz) | China | Covered nation | Raw quartzite (SiO2) feedstock for silicon-metal smelting. Sourced domestically in China; high-purity crucible quartz partly imported. Mined+refined in China = flagged. |
| Zinc-Lead Ore Mine (indium-bearing)Chinese zinc-lead mines (plus imported concentrate) | China | Covered nation | Indium is never mined directly — it rides in zinc/lead ore. Bulk of feed for Chinese refiners is domestic + imported concentrate. Predominantly Chinese chain = flagged. |
| Silver Mine (byproduct of lead/zinc/copper/gold)Mexico (#1, ~173 Moz), Peru, China | Mexico | No known risk factor | Mostly mined as byproduct in Mexico/Peru (allied). Some Chinese primary silver. Mine leg predominantly allied = clean. |
| Copper Ore MineChile (#1), Peru, DRC | Chile | No known risk factor | Copper concentrate mined mainly in Chile/Peru (allied) and DRC; majority shipped to China for refining. Mine leg allied = clean. |
| Tin Ore (cassiterite) MineIndonesia, Myanmar, China (Yunnan) | Indonesia | Elevated sourcing risk | Cassiterite mined in Indonesia/Myanmar/China. Myanmar+China share raises origin risk. Marked review. |
| Low-iron Silica Sand MineChinese ultra-low-iron silica sand quarries | China | Covered nation | High-purity low-iron quartz sand is the primary glass batch input. Domestically quarried + processed in China = flagged. |
| Bauxite MineGuinea (world's largest exporter), Australia | Guinea | No known risk factor | Bauxite mined mainly in Guinea/Australia; >70% of Guinea's output ships to China for refining. Mine leg allied/non-China = clean. |
Material flow (36 relationships)
- Risen Energy manufactures PV Module Assembly (n-type TOPCon / HJT) (PV module)
- PV Module Assembly (n-type TOPCon / HJT) assembles Solar Cell (n-type TOPCon / HJT) (solar cell)
- PV Module Assembly (n-type TOPCon / HJT) assembles Solar Glass (low-iron tempered, AR-coated) (solar glass)
- PV Module Assembly (n-type TOPCon / HJT) assembles Encapsulant Film (EVA / POE) (encapsulant film)
- PV Module Assembly (n-type TOPCon / HJT) assembles Backsheet (PVDF / PET fluoropolymer) (backsheet)
- PV Module Assembly (n-type TOPCon / HJT) assembles Aluminum Frame (anodized 6xxx extrusion) (aluminum frame)
- PV Module Assembly (n-type TOPCon / HJT) assembles Junction Box (with bypass diodes) (junction box)
- PV Module Assembly (n-type TOPCon / HJT) assembles PV Ribbon / Tabbing Wire (tin-coated copper) (PV ribbon)
- Solar Cell (n-type TOPCon / HJT) supplies Silicon Wafer / Ingot (silicon wafer)
- Solar Cell (n-type TOPCon / HJT) supplies Silver Metallization Paste (silver paste)
- Solar Cell (n-type TOPCon / HJT) supplies Amorphous Silicon Passivation (a-Si:H) — HJT (a-Si:H passivation (HJT))
- Solar Cell (n-type TOPCon / HJT) supplies Transparent Conductive Oxide (ITO) — HJT (ITO TCO (HJT))
- Solar Cell (n-type TOPCon / HJT) supplies Copper Plating / Electrode (HJT copper metallization) (copper plating (HJT))
- Silicon Wafer / Ingot supplies Solar-grade Polysilicon (polysilicon)
- Solar-grade Polysilicon refines Industrial (Metallurgical-grade) Silicon Smelting (metallurgical silicon)
- Industrial (Metallurgical-grade) Silicon Smelting sources from Quartzite / High-purity Silica Mine (quartzite)
- Industrial (Metallurgical-grade) Silicon Smelting sources from Carbon Reductant (metallurgical coal / charcoal / petroleum coke) (carbon reductant)
- Amorphous Silicon Passivation (a-Si:H) — HJT sources from Solar-grade Polysilicon (silane / silicon feedstock)
- Transparent Conductive Oxide (ITO) — HJT refines Indium Refining (from zinc residues) (indium)
- Indium Refining (from zinc residues) sources from Zinc-Lead Ore Mine (indium-bearing) (zinc-lead ore)
- Silver Metallization Paste refines Silver Refining (refined silver)
- Silver Refining sources from Silver Mine (byproduct of lead/zinc/copper/gold) (silver bullion)
- Copper Plating / Electrode (HJT copper metallization) refines Copper Smelting / Refining (cathode) (copper cathode)
- PV Ribbon / Tabbing Wire (tin-coated copper) refines Copper Smelting / Refining (cathode) (copper cathode)
- PV Ribbon / Tabbing Wire (tin-coated copper) refines Tin Refining (ribbon solder coating) (tin solder coating)
- Copper Smelting / Refining (cathode) sources from Copper Ore Mine (copper concentrate)
- Tin Refining (ribbon solder coating) sources from Tin Ore (cassiterite) Mine (cassiterite)
- Solar Glass (low-iron tempered, AR-coated) sources from Low-iron Silica Sand Mine (low-iron silica sand)
- Solar Glass (low-iron tempered, AR-coated) sources from Soda Ash / Limestone / Dolomite (glass flux) (soda ash / flux)
- Encapsulant Film (EVA / POE) supplies EVA / POE Resin (EVA/POE resin)
- EVA / POE Resin sources from Ethylene / Vinyl Acetate (petrochemical feedstock) (ethylene / VAM)
- Backsheet (PVDF / PET fluoropolymer) supplies PVDF Fluoropolymer / PET Resin (PVDF/PET resin)
- Aluminum Frame (anodized 6xxx extrusion) refines Aluminum Smelting + Alumina Refining (aluminum billet)
- Aluminum Smelting + Alumina Refining sources from Bauxite Mine (bauxite)
- Junction Box (with bypass diodes) supplies Bypass Diodes / Semiconductor (bypass diode)
- Junction Box (with bypass diodes) supplies PPO / PPE Engineering Plastic (J-box housing) (PPO/PPE housing)
Sources and methodology
Research-based supply-chain map compiled from public sources - not an audited bill of materials. Tiers reflect the standard industry structure for this product. Sourcing risk on a node describes where that input is typically mined or refined; it is not a FEOC determination for Risen Energy, and it is not a screening result for the node itself unless a federal listing is cited against it. Verify against primary documentation before making a compliance determination.
Primary sources (1) - government, filings, standards bodies
Secondary sources (45) - trade press, analysts, reference works
- en.risen.com en.risen.com/news/news_show?news_id=429
- mercomindia.com mercomindia.com/risen-energy-acquires-dunan
- en.risen.com en.risen.com/assembly/hjt
- enfsolar.com enfsolar.com/risen-energy
- cleanenergyreviews.info cleanenergyreviews.info/blog/solar-panel-components-construction
- sunsave.energy sunsave.energy/solar-panels-advice/solar-energy/what-are-solar-panels-made-of
- ecoprogetti.com ecoprogetti.com/the-structure-of-photovoltaic-module/
- en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon
- minespider.com minespider.com/blog/know-the-source-the-polysilicon-supply-chain
- waferpro.com waferpro.com/chinas-dominance-in-the-global-silicon-supply/
- itif.org itif.org/publications/2025/09/08/china-plans-to-dominate-a-key-semiconductor-material/
- responsiblesourcingtool.org responsiblesourcingtool.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/2025-Polysilicon-Commodity-Report-Final.pdf
- cen.acs.org cen.acs.org/energy/solar-power/US-solar-polysilicon-supply-problem/100/i33
- news.metal.com news.metal.com/newscontent/102084821/Everything-You-Need-to-Know-about-China%E2%80%99s-Industrial-Silicon-Market/
- news.metal.com news.metal.com/newscontent/101004671-Hoshine-Silicon-to-add-800,000-mtyear-silicon-metal-capacity-in-Yunnan
- en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterojunction_solar_cell
- hzgtsolar.com hzgtsolar.com/tco-for-heterojunction-solar-cells
- surgepv.com surgepv.com/blog/hjt-cell-architecture-explained
- pv-magazine.com pv-magazine.com/2026/04/27/chinese-scientists-build-silver-free-heterojunction-solar-cell-with-25-2-efficiency/
- projectblue.com projectblue.com/blue/news-analysis/1132/chinese-export-restrictions-may-disrupt-indium-market-
- questmetals.com questmetals.com/blog/how-indium-s-price-is-tied-to-zinc-mining-production
- prnewswire.com prnewswire.com/news-releases/korea-zinc-solidifies-critical-role-in-us-korea-economic-security-amid-chinese-export-controls-as-the-worlds-no1-indium-producer-302376921.html
- statista.com statista.com/statistics/1060401/global-refinery-production-of-indium-by-country/
- intelmarketresearch.com intelmarketresearch.com/pv-metallization-silver-paste-market-12218
- discoveryalert.com.au discoveryalert.com.au/silver-solar-cell-2026-technology-demand-materials/
- investingnews.com investingnews.com/daily/resource-investing/precious-metals-investing/silver-investing/top-silver-producing-countries/
- miningvisuals.com miningvisuals.com/post/ranked-the-countries-that-produced-the-most-silver-in-2025
- ulbrich.com ulbrich.com/products/pv-ribbon-wire/tabbing-wire/
- targray.com targray.com/solar/pv-ribbon
- investingnews.com investingnews.com/daily/resource-investing/base-metals-investing/copper-investing/copper-production-country/
- statista.com statista.com/statistics/264626/copper-production-by-country/
- xinyisolar.com xinyisolar.com/en/SolarPvGlass/index.aspx
- pubs.rsc.org pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2025/se/d4se01567c
- dataintelo.com dataintelo.com/report/ultra-low-iron-silica-sand-for-solar-glass-market
- infolink-group.com infolink-group.com/energy-article/Analysis-of-supply-demand-and-outlook-for-solar-EVA-film
- jwell-group.com jwell-group.com/blog/EVAPOE-Whole-Industry-Chain-Analysis/
- mordorintelligence.com mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/ethylene-vinyl-acetate-market
- taiyangnews.info taiyangnews.info/technology/a-review-backsheet-components
- tycorun.com tycorun.com/blogs/news/top-5-photovoltaic-backsheet-companies
- kimsenglobal.com kimsenglobal.com/solar-aluminum-manufacturing-trends-shaping-2025/
- discoveryalert.com.au discoveryalert.com.au/guinea-bauxite-aluminium-supply-china-refining-2026/
- harboraluminum.com harboraluminum.com/bauxite-production-by-country/
- sinovoltaics.com sinovoltaics.com/learning-center/materials/pv-junction-box-purpose-and-connection/
- ky-plastics.com ky-plastics.com/others-plastic-raw-material/ppo-material-for-photovoltaic-junction-box.html
- asahi-kasei-plastics.com asahi-kasei-plastics.com/en/trend/photovoltaics/
Common questions
- Where does Risen Energy source the inputs in this product?
- This map traces 35 inputs across 5 countries, including 13 mines and refiners. It is compiled from public sources and is not an audited bill of materials.
- How much of the Risen Energy supply chain sits in a covered nation?
- 31 of 35 mapped inputs are sited in a covered nation (China, Russia, Iran or North Korea) or named on a federal restricted-party list. A further 1 carry elevated sourcing risk without either basis.
- Is Risen Energy itself a Foreign Entity of Concern?
- Yes. Risen Energy is organized in China, a covered nation under the FEOC rules, which makes it a foreign entity of concern for IRA clean-energy tax credit purposes. It is not named on any of the 3 federal restricted-party lists screened for this record (DOD Section 1260H, BIS Entity List, OFAC SDN List). Sourcing risk in this map describes where inputs are mined and refined and is a separate question from the company's own federal screening.