Back to supply chains
Where does Rosatom State Nuclear Energy Corporation source its components?
Russia. Supply chain mapped to 45 inputs across 9 countries.
Federal screeningFlagged
Yes. Rosatom State Nuclear Energy Corporation is covered by a federal restricted-party designation on the BIS Entity List and the OFAC SDN List, through the related entity named in the citation below. Is Rosatom State Nuclear Energy Corporation a Foreign Entity of Concern?
Upstream sourcing exposure
High86% weighted
34 in covered nations - 9 elevated, of 45 nodes.
Where inputs are mined and refined. Not a FEOC determination for the company -- see the federal list screening above.
Refining chokepoint
8 of 8 processing/refining steps in covered nations
Producer1
Component9
Processing / Refining8
Raw Material16
Mine / Extraction11
designated covered nation elevated no known factor not assessed
Loading chain view...
Sourcing Concentration by Country
Covered NationAllied NationOther
Sourcing risk across the graph
Where each input is mined or refined. Not a FEOC determination for the company.
0
Designated (0%)
34
Covered nation (76%)
9
Elevated (20%)
2
No known factor (4%)
Legend
Node Types
Producer
Supplier
Component
Processing / Refining
Raw Material
Mine / Extraction
Logistics
Sourcing risk
Federally designated - named on a restricted-party list
Covered nation - sited in China, Russia, Iran or North Korea
Elevated - documented concentration risk, no federal listing
No known risk factor - not a compliance clearance
Not assessed - no sourcing judgement was made
Relationships
Transformation - manufactures / assembles
Refining - midstream processing (FEOC chokepoint)
Supply handoff - supplies / sources from
Arrows point in the direction material flows (input to product).
Every mapped input in the Rosatom State Nuclear Energy Corporation supply chain
45 nodes, grouped by supply-chain tier. Sourcing risk describes where an input is mined or refined; it is not a FEOC determination for Rosatom State Nuclear Energy Corporation.
Producer (1)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rosatom State Nuclear Energy CorporationMoscow HQ; VVER-1200/VVER-TOI reactor program | Russia | Covered nation | Russian state nuclear corp; FEOC by nationality (covered nation). Vertically integrated across fuel cycle, reactor manufacture and construction. |
Component (9)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nuclear Fuel Assemblies (VVER hexagonal)TVEL fuel division; MSZ Elektrostal, NCCP Novosibirsk | Russia | Covered nation | TVEL makes ~17% of world nuclear fuel. Hexagonal VVER assemblies; enriched UO2 pellets in zirconium cladding. |
| Reactor Pressure VesselAtommash (AEM-Technology), Volgodonsk | Russia | Covered nation | Single-piece forged Mn-Ni-Mo low-alloy steel vessel; 15,100-tonne press. Newer VVER-TOI uses nickel-free steel for 120-yr life. |
| Steam GeneratorsAtomenergomash / Atommash, Volgodonsk | Russia | Covered nation | Atomenergomash is sole Russian maker of NPP steam generators and main circulation pumps. |
| Gas Centrifuge Enrichment CascadeTVEL separation plants (UEIP Novouralsk, ECP Zelenogorsk, AECC Angarsk, SCC Seversk) | Russia | Covered nation | 10th-gen HZ-10 centrifuges. Rosatom holds ~36% of global enrichment. Rotors of maraging steel / carbon-fibre composite. |
| Turbine-Generator IslandPower Machines (Silmash) LMZ, St Petersburg | Russia | Covered nation | 1200 MWe turbogenerators for Leningrad II / Novovoronezh II / Kursk II. Titanium-tubed condensers. |
| Control Rod / Absorber AssembliesTVEL | Russia | Covered nation | Neutron-absorbing rods: B4C, dysprosium titanate, Ag-In-Cd, hafnium; Gd2O3 burnable poison in pellets. |
| Main Circulation PumpsAtomenergomash (CKBM), St Petersburg | Russia | Covered nation | Primary-loop coolant pumps for VVER; Atomenergomash is sole Russian supplier. |
| Enriched UO2 Fuel PelletsMSZ Elektrostal / NCCP | Russia | Covered nation | Sintered uranium dioxide pellets, ~5% U-235 enrichment; some erbium-doped (REMIX/ATF). |
| Zirconium Alloy Cladding TubesChepetsky Mechanical Plant (ChMZ), Glazov | Russia | Covered nation | E110/E635 Zr-Nb alloy fuel-rod cladding; ATF variant has Cr coating. ChMZ is TVEL zirconium arm. |
Processing and refining (8)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uranium Milling / Refining (yellowcake)Rosatom/ARMZ + JV mills (Kazakhstan) | Russia | Covered nation | Ore leached and refined to U3O8. Russian/Rosatom-controlled processing = flagged chokepoint even when mine is allied-neutral. |
| Zirconium Refining (chlorination + Hf separation)ChMZ Glazov (Russia); global capacity also in China (CNNC Jinghuan) | Russia | Covered nation | Ore cracking -> ZrCl4 -> Hf solvent-extraction -> Kroll reduction. <10 plants worldwide; Russian/Chinese share of nuclear-grade refining = FEOC chokepoint. |
| Nickel RefiningNorilsk Nickel refineries (Russia) | Russia | Covered nation | Class-1 nickel refined in Russia. China also dominates global nickel-sulphate midstream; here Russian-refined = flagged. |
| Molybdenum Roasting/RefiningChina roasters | China | Covered nation | MoS2 roasted to MoO3/ferromolybdenum; China dominates midstream refining = FEOC chokepoint. |
| Cobalt RefiningChina cobalt refineries | China | Covered nation | China refines ~70-80% of global cobalt = clear FEOC midstream chokepoint. |
| Titanium Sponge RefiningVSMPO-AVISMA, Berezniki | Russia | Covered nation | Kroll-process Ti sponge in Russia. China also dominates global Ti sponge; Russian-refined = flagged. |
| Boron Carbide ProductionChina B4C plants | China | Covered nation | Borate -> boric acid -> B4C; China dominant midstream producer = FEOC chokepoint. |
| Rare Earth Separation/RefiningChina REE separation plants | China | Covered nation | China controls ~85-90% of rare-earth separation; the definitive FEOC midstream chokepoint even for allied-mined REE. |
Raw material (16)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Enriched Uranium Hexafluoride (UF6)TVEL enrichment plants | Russia | Covered nation | Product of centrifuge enrichment; feedstock for UO2 pellet fabrication. |
| Natural UF6 (converted)SCC Seversk / AECC Angarsk conversion | Russia | Covered nation | U3O8 converted via UF4 + fluorine to UF6 for enrichment feed. |
| Fluorine / Hydrofluoric Acid (conversion reagent)Russia (fluorspar-derived HF) | Russia | Covered nation | Fluorine gas for UF4->UF6 conversion; China dominates global fluorspar/HF supply though Russian conversion uses domestic reagent. |
| Uranium Ore Concentrate (U3O8 / yellowcake)Uranium One JVs | Kazakhstan | Elevated sourcing risk | Mixed sourcing: Russian domestic + Kazakh/Uzbek JVs. Rosatom sold ~50% of Zarechnoye JV to Chinese firm (Dec 2024), raising China exposure. |
| Nuclear-Grade Zirconium SpongeChepetsky Mechanical Plant (ChMZ), Glazov | Russia | Covered nation | Hf-free Zr sponge via Kroll process. ChMZ also exports Zr sponge to China (CAEIC contract). Russian-controlled. |
| Zircon Sand (ZrSiO4)Heavy mineral sands | Australia | Elevated sourcing risk | Australia + South Africa hold ~72% of zircon reserves; feedstock for Zr sponge. Allied-mined but midstream cracking often outside supplier control. |
| Hafnium (separation co-product)ChMZ Glazov | Russia | Covered nation | Hf separated from Zr; itself used as control-rod absorber. Capital-intensive separation concentrated in few plants. |
| Niobium (Zr-Nb alloy additive)Nb feed for E110/E635 alloy | Brazil | Elevated sourcing risk | Zr-1%Nb cladding alloy needs niobium. Brazil (CBMM) dominates global Nb; allied-mined but alloying done in Russia. |
| Mn-Ni-Mo Low-Alloy Reactor Steel ForgingsAEM-Technology / Atommash forge shops | Russia | Covered nation | SA-533B-class forgings: ~1.15-1.5% Mn, 0.4-0.7% Ni, 0.45-0.6% Mo. Russian-forged. |
| Nickel (alloy input)Norilsk Nickel | Russia | Covered nation | Reactor/pump alloy nickel from Norilsk Nickel; Russian-mined and refined. |
| Molybdenum (alloy input)Mo ferroalloy feed | China | Covered nation | Mo for reactor-steel and superalloys; China leads global Mo mining + roasting/refining. |
| Maraging Steel / Carbon-Fibre Rotor MaterialRussia (centrifuge rotor production) | Russia | Covered nation | Ultra-high-strength maraging steel and carbon-fibre composite rotors withstand 500-720 m/s tip speed. Russian-produced. |
| Cobalt (maraging steel input)Co feed for maraging alloy | Democratic Republic Of Congo | Elevated sourcing risk | 18Ni maraging grades use ~8-12% cobalt. DRC-mined but China refines ~70-80% of world cobalt. |
| Titanium (condenser tubing)VSMPO-AVISMA | Russia | Covered nation | Power Machines titanium-tube condensers; VSMPO-AVISMA is Russian titanium sponge/mill giant. |
| Boron Carbide (B4C absorber)B4C for control rods | China | Covered nation | Boron carbide neutron absorber; China dominates boron mineral and B4C production. |
| Gadolinium Oxide (burnable poison)Gd2O3 for fuel pellets / absorbers | China | Covered nation | Gd (49,000 barn cross-section) + Sm/Eu/Dy rare-earth absorbers; China dominates rare-earth separation. |
Mine and extraction (11)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakh Uranium Mines (ISR)Akbastau, Karatau, Akdala, South Inkai, Kharasan, Zarechnoye | Kazakhstan | Elevated sourcing risk | In-situ recovery mines via Uranium One JVs. Chinese stakes growing (Zarechnoye ~50% sold to China 2024). |
| Russian Uranium MinesARMZ / Priargunsky (Krasnokamensk), Khiagda, Dalur | Russia | Covered nation | Rosatom mining division ARMZ; all Russian uranium producers are Rosatom-owned. FEOC by nationality. |
| Uzbek Uranium Mine (Aktau)Aktau site, Uzbekistan | Uzbekistan | Elevated sourcing risk | Rosatom-operated, ~500 t expected. Allied-neutral geography under Russian operatorship. |
| Heavy Mineral Sands Mines (zircon)Australia / South Africa HMS operations | Australia | No known risk factor | Allied-mined zircon-bearing heavy mineral sands. |
| Niobium Mine (pyrochlore)Araxá, Brazil (CBMM) | Brazil | No known risk factor | ~85% of world niobium from Brazil. Allied-friendly source. |
| Nickel MineNorilsk / Kola Peninsula | Russia | Covered nation | Norilsk Nickel sulphide deposits. Russian FEOC by nationality. |
| Molybdenum MineChina (also Russia domestic sources) | China | Covered nation | China largest Mo producer; molybdenite ore. |
| Cobalt MineKatanga copper-cobalt belt, DRC | Democratic Republic Of Congo | Elevated sourcing risk | DRC supplies ~70% of mined cobalt; mixed ownership incl. Chinese operators. |
| Titanium Feedstock Mine (ilmenite/rutile)ilmenite/rutile HMS (historically Ukraine/Kazakhstan feed) | Ukraine | Elevated sourcing risk | VSMPO-AVISMA historically fed by Ukrainian/Kazakh ilmenite; sanctions have shifted sourcing. |
| Borate MineTurkey (Eti Maden) / USA borate deposits | Turkey | Elevated sourcing risk | Turkey + USA hold most borate reserves; allied-neutral mining. |
| Rare Earth MineBayan Obo, China (+ some allied deposits) | China | Covered nation | Heavy/medium REE for Gd/Sm/Eu/Dy absorbers; China holds dominant mine share. |
Material flow (49 relationships)
- Rosatom State Nuclear Energy Corporation manufactures Nuclear Fuel Assemblies (VVER hexagonal) (Nuclear fuel assemblies)
- Rosatom State Nuclear Energy Corporation manufactures Reactor Pressure Vessel (Reactor pressure vessel)
- Rosatom State Nuclear Energy Corporation manufactures Steam Generators (Steam generators)
- Rosatom State Nuclear Energy Corporation manufactures Gas Centrifuge Enrichment Cascade (Gas centrifuge enrichment cascade)
- Rosatom State Nuclear Energy Corporation assembles Turbine-Generator Island (Turbine-generator island)
- Rosatom State Nuclear Energy Corporation manufactures Control Rod / Absorber Assemblies (Control rod assemblies)
- Rosatom State Nuclear Energy Corporation manufactures Main Circulation Pumps (Main circulation pumps)
- Nuclear Fuel Assemblies (VVER hexagonal) assembles Enriched UO2 Fuel Pellets (Enriched UO2 pellets)
- Nuclear Fuel Assemblies (VVER hexagonal) assembles Zirconium Alloy Cladding Tubes (Zirconium alloy cladding)
- Enriched UO2 Fuel Pellets supplies Enriched Uranium Hexafluoride (UF6) (Enriched UF6 feed)
- Enriched Uranium Hexafluoride (UF6) refines Gas Centrifuge Enrichment Cascade (Enrichment of UF6)
- Gas Centrifuge Enrichment Cascade supplies Natural UF6 (converted) (Natural UF6 feed)
- Natural UF6 (converted) supplies Fluorine / Hydrofluoric Acid (conversion reagent) (Fluorine for conversion)
- Natural UF6 (converted) refines Uranium Ore Concentrate (U3O8 / yellowcake) (U3O8 to UF6 conversion)
- Uranium Ore Concentrate (U3O8 / yellowcake) refines Uranium Milling / Refining (yellowcake) (Ore to yellowcake refining)
- Uranium Milling / Refining (yellowcake) sources from Kazakh Uranium Mines (ISR) (Uranium ore)
- Uranium Milling / Refining (yellowcake) sources from Russian Uranium Mines (Uranium ore)
- Uranium Milling / Refining (yellowcake) sources from Uzbek Uranium Mine (Aktau) (Uranium ore)
- Zirconium Alloy Cladding Tubes supplies Nuclear-Grade Zirconium Sponge (Zirconium sponge)
- Zirconium Alloy Cladding Tubes supplies Niobium (Zr-Nb alloy additive) (Niobium alloying)
- Nuclear-Grade Zirconium Sponge refines Zirconium Refining (chlorination + Hf separation) (Zr chlorination + Hf separation)
- Zirconium Refining (chlorination + Hf separation) sources from Zircon Sand (ZrSiO4) (Zircon sand feedstock)
- Zirconium Refining (chlorination + Hf separation) refines Hafnium (separation co-product) (Hafnium co-product separation)
- Zircon Sand (ZrSiO4) sources from Heavy Mineral Sands Mines (zircon) (Heavy mineral sands)
- Niobium (Zr-Nb alloy additive) sources from Niobium Mine (pyrochlore) (Pyrochlore ore)
- Reactor Pressure Vessel supplies Mn-Ni-Mo Low-Alloy Reactor Steel Forgings (Mn-Ni-Mo steel forgings)
- Steam Generators supplies Mn-Ni-Mo Low-Alloy Reactor Steel Forgings (Alloy steel)
- Main Circulation Pumps supplies Nickel (alloy input) (Nickel alloy)
- Mn-Ni-Mo Low-Alloy Reactor Steel Forgings supplies Nickel (alloy input) (Nickel)
- Mn-Ni-Mo Low-Alloy Reactor Steel Forgings supplies Molybdenum (alloy input) (Molybdenum)
- Nickel (alloy input) refines Nickel Refining (Nickel refining)
- Nickel Refining sources from Nickel Mine (Nickel sulphide ore)
- Molybdenum (alloy input) refines Molybdenum Roasting/Refining (Mo roasting)
- Molybdenum Roasting/Refining sources from Molybdenum Mine (Molybdenite ore)
- Gas Centrifuge Enrichment Cascade supplies Maraging Steel / Carbon-Fibre Rotor Material (Rotor material)
- Maraging Steel / Carbon-Fibre Rotor Material supplies Cobalt (maraging steel input) (Cobalt alloying)
- Cobalt (maraging steel input) refines Cobalt Refining (Cobalt refining)
- Cobalt Refining sources from Cobalt Mine (Cobalt ore)
- Turbine-Generator Island supplies Titanium (condenser tubing) (Titanium condenser tubing)
- Titanium (condenser tubing) refines Titanium Sponge Refining (Ti sponge refining)
- Titanium Sponge Refining sources from Titanium Feedstock Mine (ilmenite/rutile) (Ilmenite/rutile feedstock)
- Control Rod / Absorber Assemblies supplies Boron Carbide (B4C absorber) (B4C absorber)
- Control Rod / Absorber Assemblies supplies Hafnium (separation co-product) (Hafnium absorber)
- Control Rod / Absorber Assemblies supplies Gadolinium Oxide (burnable poison) (Gd/Sm/Eu/Dy absorbers)
- Enriched UO2 Fuel Pellets supplies Gadolinium Oxide (burnable poison) (Gd2O3 burnable poison)
- Boron Carbide (B4C absorber) refines Boron Carbide Production (B4C production)
- Boron Carbide Production sources from Borate Mine (Borate ore)
- Gadolinium Oxide (burnable poison) refines Rare Earth Separation/Refining (REE separation)
- Rare Earth Separation/Refining sources from Rare Earth Mine (Rare earth ore)
Sources and methodology
Research-based supply-chain map compiled from public sources - not an audited bill of materials. Tiers reflect the standard industry structure for this product. Sourcing risk on a node describes where that input is typically mined or refined; it is not a FEOC determination for Rosatom State Nuclear Energy Corporation, and it is not a screening result for the node itself unless a federal listing is cited against it. Verify against primary documentation before making a compliance determination.
Primary sources (1) - government, filings, standards bodies
Secondary sources (26) - trade press, analysts, reference works
- en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VVER
- atommedia.online atommedia.online/en/reference/aes-s-reaktorom-vver-1200/
- powermag.com powermag.com/continuing-innovation-the-second-century-of-russias-vver-nuclear-technology/
- world-nuclear.org world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication
- rosatom.ru rosatom.ru/en/rosatom-group/fuel-and-enrichment/
- en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVEL
- nti.org nti.org/education-center/facilities/fuel-company-of-rosatom-tvel/
- themoscowtimes.com themoscowtimes.com/2024/12/17/china-gains-foothold-in-kazakh-uranium-mining-as-russias-rosatom-sells-stakes-a87372
- rosatom.ru rosatom.ru/en/rosatom-group/uranium-mining/
- world-nuclear.org world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/russia-nuclear-fuel-cycle
- uranium1.com uranium1.com/about-us/
- world-nuclear.org world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/kazakhstan
- world-nuclear-news.org world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/China-enters-zirconium-sponge-export-market
- sciencedirect.com sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022311515300969
- world-nuclear.org world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-power-reactors/other/heavy-manufacturing-of-power-plants
- en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atommash
- world-nuclear-news.org world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Reactor-vessel-installed-at-Kursk-2
- en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactor_pressure_vessel
- interestingengineering.com interestingengineering.com/energy/rosatom-builds-next-gen-uranium-centrifuge
- world-nuclear.org world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/conversion-and-deconversion
- en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Machines
- power-m.ru power-m.ru/en/customers/nuclear-energy/turbine-island/
- world-nuclear.org world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/russia-nuclear-power
- rareearthexchanges.com rareearthexchanges.com/nuclear-reactor-control-rods/
- britannica.com britannica.com/science/rare-earth-element/Nuclear-properties
- nuclear-power.com nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/control-rods/
Common questions
- Where does Rosatom State Nuclear Energy Corporation source the inputs in this product?
- This map traces 45 inputs across 9 countries, including 19 mines and refiners. It is compiled from public sources and is not an audited bill of materials.
- How much of the Rosatom State Nuclear Energy Corporation supply chain sits in a covered nation?
- 34 of 45 mapped inputs are sited in a covered nation (China, Russia, Iran or North Korea) or named on a federal restricted-party list. A further 9 carry elevated sourcing risk without either basis.
- Is Rosatom State Nuclear Energy Corporation itself a Foreign Entity of Concern?
- Yes. Rosatom State Nuclear Energy Corporation is covered by a federal restricted-party designation on the BIS Entity List and the OFAC SDN List, through the related entity named in the citation below. Sourcing risk in this map describes where inputs are mined and refined and is a separate question from the company's own federal screening.