Back to supply chains
Where does Seraphim Energy Group source its components?
China. Supply chain mapped to 36 inputs across 5 countries.
Federal screeningFlagged
Yes. Seraphim Energy Group is organized in China, a covered nation under the FEOC rules, which makes it a foreign entity of concern for IRA clean-energy tax credit purposes. It is not named on any of the 3 federal restricted-party lists screened for this record (DOD Section 1260H, BIS Entity List, OFAC SDN List). Is Seraphim Energy Group a Foreign Entity of Concern?
Upstream sourcing exposure
High94% weighted
32 in covered nations - 4 elevated, of 36 nodes.
Where inputs are mined and refined. Not a FEOC determination for the company -- see the federal list screening above.
Refining chokepoint
7 of 7 processing/refining steps in covered nations
Producer1
Component11
Processing / Refining7
Raw Material11
Mine / Extraction6
designated covered nation elevated no known factor not assessed
Loading chain view...
Sourcing Concentration by Country
Covered NationAllied NationOther
Sourcing risk across the graph
Where each input is mined or refined. Not a FEOC determination for the company.
0
Designated (0%)
32
Covered nation (89%)
4
Elevated (11%)
0
No known factor (0%)
Legend
Node Types
Producer
Supplier
Component
Processing / Refining
Raw Material
Mine / Extraction
Logistics
Sourcing risk
Federally designated - named on a restricted-party list
Covered nation - sited in China, Russia, Iran or North Korea
Elevated - documented concentration risk, no federal listing
No known risk factor - not a compliance clearance
Not assessed - no sourcing judgement was made
Relationships
Transformation - manufactures / assembles
Refining - midstream processing (FEOC chokepoint)
Supply handoff - supplies / sources from
Arrows point in the direction material flows (input to product).
Every mapped input in the Seraphim Energy Group supply chain
36 nodes, grouped by supply-chain tier. Sourcing risk describes where an input is mined or refined; it is not a FEOC determination for Seraphim Energy Group.
Producer (1)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Seraphim Energy GroupChangzhou, Jiangsu, China (HQ / module assembly) | China | Covered nation | Chinese crystalline-silicon PV module maker; FEOC-flagged as a company domiciled in a foreign entity of concern jurisdiction. |
Component (11)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Solar PV Cell (mono-c-Si / TOPCon)China cell fabs | China | Covered nation | China accounts for ~85%+ of global solar cell production; core light-to-electricity component. |
| Solar Front Glass (low-iron tempered)China (Jiangsu/Anhui float lines) | China | Covered nation | Low-iron patterned/tempered PV glass; China dominates global solar glass output. |
| Encapsulant Film (EVA / POE / EPE)China (e.g. Hangzhou First, HIUV) | China | Covered nation | Ethylene-vinyl-acetate / polyolefin encapsulant laminating cells to glass and backsheet. |
| Backsheet (fluoropolymer laminate)China backsheet converters | China | Covered nation | Multi-layer polymer/fluoropolymer rear insulation film; China leads production. |
| Aluminum FrameChina extrusion / anodizing | China | Covered nation | Anodized aluminum extrusion providing structural support and mounting interface. |
| Junction Box + Bypass DiodesChina | China | Covered nation | Houses electrical connections, bypass diodes and MC4 connectors; largely China-sourced. |
| PV Interconnect Ribbon (tinned copper)China (e.g. tabbing/busbar makers) | China | Covered nation | Tin-coated flat copper ribbon interconnecting cells; China-dominant supply. |
| Silver Metallization PasteChina (localized from former DuPont/Heraeus formulations) | China | Covered nation | Screen-printed front/rear conductive paste; 2nd-largest cell material cost after silicon. |
| Edge Sealant / Adhesive (silicone)China | China | Covered nation | Silicone frame sealant and pottant; commodity chemical, mixed sourcing. |
| Mono-Si WaferChina (LONGi / TCL Zhonghuan) | China | Covered nation | China produced ~96% of global ingots & wafers in 2023; sliced from mono ingots. |
| Mono-Si Ingot (Czochralski)China ingot furnaces | China | Covered nation | Single-crystal silicon ingot pulled via Czochralski method from polysilicon. |
Processing and refining (7)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Metallurgical Silicon SmelterChina (Yunnan / Xinjiang arc furnaces) | China | Covered nation | Carbothermic reduction of quartz to ~98% metallurgical-grade silicon; China dominates. |
| Low-Iron Silica Sand ProcessorJiangsu (Donghai) quartz processing | China | Covered nation | Flotation / magnetic separation / acid leaching to ultra-low-iron sand; APAC = ~46% of market, China-led. |
| Primary Aluminum SmelterChina (Shandong / Xinjiang / Yunnan potlines) | China | Covered nation | Hall-Héroult electrolysis of alumina to aluminum metal; China dominates smelting. |
| Alumina Refinery (Bayer process)China (Shandong / Shanxi) + Australia | China | Covered nation | Bayer-process refining of bauxite to alumina; China largest refiner, some Australian alumina imported. |
| Copper Smelter / ElectrorefineryChina (Jiangxi / Yunnan smelters) | China | Covered nation | Smelting & electrorefining of copper concentrate to cathode; China ~40%+ of world refined copper. |
| Tin Smelter / RefineryYunnan (Gejiu 'Tin Capital') | China | Covered nation | China top tin smelter (~198kt/yr); processes concentrate incl. Myanmar imports. |
| Silver Refinery / Precious-Metal RefinerChina precious-metal refineries | China | Covered nation | China has major silver refining capacity for electronics; refines byproduct silver. |
Raw material (11)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Solar-Grade PolysiliconXinjiang / Inner Mongolia / Sichuan | China | Covered nation | ~45% of solar polysilicon from Xinjiang; multiple producers on UFLPA Entity List. Core FEOC chokepoint. |
| Metallurgical-Grade Silicon (silicon metal)China | China | Covered nation | ~98% pure Si feedstock for polysilicon; refined predominantly in China. |
| Ultra-Low-Iron Silica SandChina | China | Covered nation | 70-75% of the PV glass batch; must be <0.02% Fe2O3 for high transmittance. |
| Soda Ash / Limestone (glass flux)China | China | Covered nation | Sodium carbonate + limestone flux for glass melt; commodity, mixed sourcing. |
| EVA / POE ResinChina (e.g. Sierbang Petrochemical) / imports | China | Covered nation | Solar-grade ethylene-vinyl-acetate & polyolefin resin; increasingly China-produced petrochemical feedstock. |
| Fluoropolymer Film (PVF/PVDF)China / global (Kynar, Tedlar-type) | China | Covered nation | Fluoropolymer weathering layer for backsheet; mixed China/global chemical supply. |
| Aluminum Billet (6xxx extrusion grade)China billet casting | China | Covered nation | Primary aluminum billet cast for extrusion; China is >50% of world primary Al. |
| Alumina (Al2O3)China | China | Covered nation | Intermediate smelter feed between bauxite and aluminum. |
| Copper Cathode (99.97% electrolytic)China electrorefineries | China | Covered nation | High-purity electrolytic copper drawn into ribbon; China is dominant copper refiner. |
| Refined Tin (solder coating)China | China | Covered nation | Tin coating/solder alloy on copper ribbon; ~50% of tin use is electronics solder. |
| Refined Silver (paste powder)China | China | Covered nation | Silver powder for conductive paste; PV uses >5% of annual silver supply. |
Mine and extraction (6)
| Input | Origin | Sourcing risk | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| High-Purity Quartz / Silica MineChina (plus imported HPQ from USA Spruce Pine) | China | Covered nation | Quartz ore is the raw silica input; much crushed/processed in China. Spruce Pine (US) supplies highest-purity quartz for crucibles. |
| Silica Sand Mine (glass grade)China / regional deposits | China | Covered nation | Silica sand deposits; abundant, but iron-lean grades limited. Mixed geographies. |
| Bauxite MineGuinea (Boké) + Australia + domestic China | Guinea | Elevated sourcing risk | Bauxite ore; Guinea & Australia are top mined sources, much shipped to China for refining. |
| Copper MineChile / Peru / DRC concentrate | Chile | Elevated sourcing risk | Copper concentrate mined in Chile, Peru, DRC; refined largely in China. |
| Tin MineMyanmar (Wa State) / Indonesia / Yunnan | Myanmar | Elevated sourcing risk | Tin concentrate from Myanmar, Indonesia & China; Myanmar ore feeds Chinese smelters. Conflict/sanctions risk. |
| Silver Mine (byproduct of Pb/Cu/Zn)Mexico / Peru / China | Mexico | Elevated sourcing risk | Top mined silver from Mexico & Peru (often byproduct of base metals); portion refined in China. |
Material flow (37 relationships)
- Seraphim Energy Group assembles Solar PV Cell (mono-c-Si / TOPCon) (PV cells)
- Seraphim Energy Group assembles Solar Front Glass (low-iron tempered) (front glass)
- Seraphim Energy Group assembles Encapsulant Film (EVA / POE / EPE) (encapsulant film)
- Seraphim Energy Group assembles Backsheet (fluoropolymer laminate) (backsheet)
- Seraphim Energy Group assembles Aluminum Frame (aluminum frame)
- Seraphim Energy Group assembles Junction Box + Bypass Diodes (junction box)
- Seraphim Energy Group assembles PV Interconnect Ribbon (tinned copper) (interconnect ribbon)
- Seraphim Energy Group assembles Edge Sealant / Adhesive (silicone) (edge sealant)
- Solar PV Cell (mono-c-Si / TOPCon) manufactures Mono-Si Wafer (silicon wafer)
- Solar PV Cell (mono-c-Si / TOPCon) supplies Silver Metallization Paste (silver metallization paste)
- Mono-Si Wafer manufactures Mono-Si Ingot (Czochralski) (mono-Si ingot)
- Mono-Si Ingot (Czochralski) manufactures Solar-Grade Polysilicon (polysilicon)
- Solar-Grade Polysilicon refines Metallurgical-Grade Silicon (silicon metal) (metallurgical silicon)
- Metallurgical-Grade Silicon (silicon metal) refines Metallurgical Silicon Smelter (quartz to silicon metal)
- Metallurgical Silicon Smelter sources from High-Purity Quartz / Silica Mine (quartz ore)
- Solar Front Glass (low-iron tempered) supplies Ultra-Low-Iron Silica Sand (low-iron silica sand)
- Solar Front Glass (low-iron tempered) supplies Soda Ash / Limestone (glass flux) (soda ash flux)
- Ultra-Low-Iron Silica Sand refines Low-Iron Silica Sand Processor (iron removal / purification)
- Low-Iron Silica Sand Processor sources from Silica Sand Mine (glass grade) (raw silica sand)
- Encapsulant Film (EVA / POE / EPE) supplies EVA / POE Resin (EVA/POE resin)
- Backsheet (fluoropolymer laminate) supplies Fluoropolymer Film (PVF/PVDF) (fluoropolymer film)
- Backsheet (fluoropolymer laminate) supplies EVA / POE Resin (polymer core layer)
- Aluminum Frame supplies Aluminum Billet (6xxx extrusion grade) (aluminum billet)
- Aluminum Billet (6xxx extrusion grade) refines Primary Aluminum Smelter (cast aluminum)
- Primary Aluminum Smelter refines Alumina (Al2O3) (alumina smelting)
- Alumina (Al2O3) refines Alumina Refinery (Bayer process) (bauxite to alumina)
- Alumina Refinery (Bayer process) sources from Bauxite Mine (bauxite ore)
- PV Interconnect Ribbon (tinned copper) supplies Copper Cathode (99.97% electrolytic) (copper conductor)
- PV Interconnect Ribbon (tinned copper) supplies Refined Tin (solder coating) (tin coating)
- Copper Cathode (99.97% electrolytic) refines Copper Smelter / Electrorefinery (copper cathode)
- Copper Smelter / Electrorefinery sources from Copper Mine (copper concentrate)
- Refined Tin (solder coating) refines Tin Smelter / Refinery (refined tin)
- Tin Smelter / Refinery sources from Tin Mine (tin concentrate)
- Junction Box + Bypass Diodes supplies Copper Cathode (99.97% electrolytic) (copper terminals)
- Silver Metallization Paste supplies Refined Silver (paste powder) (silver powder)
- Refined Silver (paste powder) refines Silver Refinery / Precious-Metal Refiner (refined silver)
- Silver Refinery / Precious-Metal Refiner sources from Silver Mine (byproduct of Pb/Cu/Zn) (silver ore / doré)
Sources and methodology
Research-based supply-chain map compiled from public sources - not an audited bill of materials. Tiers reflect the standard industry structure for this product. Sourcing risk on a node describes where that input is typically mined or refined; it is not a FEOC determination for Seraphim Energy Group, and it is not a screening result for the node itself unless a federal listing is cited against it. Verify against primary documentation before making a compliance determination.
Primary sources (4) - government, filings, standards bodies
- energy.gov energy.gov/sites/default/files/2024-12/Solar%20Energy%20Supply%20Chain%20Report%20-%20Final[1].pdf
- dol.gov dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ILAB/images/storyboards/solar/508-Solar-Supply-Chains-0922.pdf
- ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10820057/
- blogs.worldbank.org blogs.worldbank.org/en/energy/cost-competitive-low-carbon-aluminum-key-energy-transition
Secondary sources (19) - trade press, analysts, reference works
- cleanenergyreviews.info cleanenergyreviews.info/blog/solar-panel-components-construction
- itif.org itif.org/publications/2025/09/08/china-plans-to-dominate-a-key-semiconductor-material/
- csri.global csri.global/launch-report/5-clean-energys-dirty-secret-how-can-solar-cut-its-dependence-on-xinjiang-forced-labour
- responsiblesourcingtool.org responsiblesourcingtool.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/2025-Polysilicon-Commodity-Report-Final.pdf
- minespider.com minespider.com/blog/know-the-source-the-polysilicon-supply-chain
- bernreuter.com bernreuter.com/solar-industry/value-chain/
- pv-magazine-usa.com pv-magazine-usa.com/2024/03/04/thin-prospects-for-ingot-wafer-and-solar-cell-manufacturing/
- frontiersin.org frontiersin.org/journals/energy-research/articles/10.3389/fenrg.2019.00056/full
- dataintelo.com dataintelo.com/report/ultra-low-iron-silica-sand-for-solar-glass-market
- puresil.in puresil.in/blog/silica-sand-for-solar-glass/
- taiyangnews.info taiyangnews.info/technology/the-two-in-one-approach-segment
- valeoproducts.com valeoproducts.com/tabbing-ribbon-solar-wire-cellconnector/
- ulbrich.com ulbrich.com/products/pv-ribbon-wire/tabbing-wire/
- smartenergy.org.au smartenergy.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Aluminium-in-Solar-Panels-1.pdf
- miningvisuals.com miningvisuals.com/post/ranked-the-countries-that-produced-the-most-silver-in-2025
- investingnews.com investingnews.com/daily/resource-investing/precious-metals-investing/silver-investing/top-silver-producing-countries/
- investingnews.com investingnews.com/top-tin-producing-countries/
- internationaltin.org internationaltin.org/mining-regions/
- geographyworlds.com geographyworlds.com/blog/tin-mining-geography-guide/
Common questions
- Where does Seraphim Energy Group source the inputs in this product?
- This map traces 36 inputs across 5 countries, including 13 mines and refiners. It is compiled from public sources and is not an audited bill of materials.
- How much of the Seraphim Energy Group supply chain sits in a covered nation?
- 32 of 36 mapped inputs are sited in a covered nation (China, Russia, Iran or North Korea) or named on a federal restricted-party list. A further 4 carry elevated sourcing risk without either basis.
- Is Seraphim Energy Group itself a Foreign Entity of Concern?
- Yes. Seraphim Energy Group is organized in China, a covered nation under the FEOC rules, which makes it a foreign entity of concern for IRA clean-energy tax credit purposes. It is not named on any of the 3 federal restricted-party lists screened for this record (DOD Section 1260H, BIS Entity List, OFAC SDN List). Sourcing risk in this map describes where inputs are mined and refined and is a separate question from the company's own federal screening.