Where does SPI Energy source the inputs in this product?

This map traces 36 inputs across 5 countries, including 10 mines and refiners. It is compiled from public sources and is not an audited bill of materials.

How much of the SPI Energy supply chain sits in a covered nation?

31 of 36 mapped inputs are sited in a covered nation (China, Russia, Iran or North Korea) or named on a federal restricted-party list. A further 3 carry elevated sourcing risk without either basis.

Back to supply chains

Where does SPI Energy source its components?

China. Supply chain mapped to 36 inputs across 5 countries.

Federal screeningFlagged

Yes. SPI Energy (Xinyi Solar subsidiary interest) is organized in China, a covered nation under the FEOC rules, which makes it a foreign entity of concern for IRA clean-energy tax credit purposes. It is not named on any of the 3 federal restricted-party lists screened for this record (DOD Section 1260H, BIS Entity List, OFAC SDN List). Is SPI Energy a Foreign Entity of Concern?

Upstream sourcing exposure

High90% weighted

31 in covered nations - 3 elevated, of 36 nodes.

Where inputs are mined and refined. Not a FEOC determination for the company -- see the federal list screening above.

Refining chokepoint

4 of 4 processing/refining steps in covered nations

Where the exposure sits - by supply-chain tier

Producer1

Component12

Processing / Refining4

Raw Material13

Mine / Extraction6

designated covered nation elevated no known factor not assessed

Loading chain view...

Sourcing Concentration by Country

Covered NationAllied NationOther

Sourcing risk across the graph

Where each input is mined or refined. Not a FEOC determination for the company.

Designated (0%)

Covered nation (86%)

Elevated (8%)

No known factor (6%)

Legend

Node Types

Producer

Supplier

Component

Processing / Refining

Raw Material

Mine / Extraction

Logistics

Sourcing risk

Federally designated - named on a restricted-party list

Covered nation - sited in China, Russia, Iran or North Korea

Elevated - documented concentration risk, no federal listing

No known risk factor - not a compliance clearance

Not assessed - no sourcing judgement was made

Relationships

Transformation - manufactures / assembles

Refining - midstream processing (FEOC chokepoint)

Supply handoff - supplies / sources from

Arrows point in the direction material flows (input to product).

Every mapped input in the SPI Energy supply chain

36 nodes, grouped by supply-chain tier. Sourcing risk describes where an input is mined or refined; it is not a FEOC determination for SPI Energy.

Producer (1)

Input	Origin	Sourcing risk	Basis
SPI EnergyChina / McClellan Park, CA assembly interests	China	Covered nation	Solar module maker linked to Xinyi Solar (world's largest solar-glass producer); China midstream reliance drives FEOC flag.

Component (12)

Input	Origin	Sourcing risk	Basis
Crystalline Silicon PV ModuleChina module assembly	China	Covered nation	Finished glass-cell-encapsulant-frame laminate; assembled in China.
Silicon Solar CellChina cell lines	China	Covered nation	PERC/TOPCon cells; China holds ~85%+ of global cell capacity.
Low-Iron PV Cover GlassXinyi Solar, Wuhu/Zhangjiagang China	China	Covered nation	China produces >80% of world PV glass; Xinyi ~30% global cover-glass share.
EVA / POE Encapsulant FilmChina film converters	China	Covered nation	Laminates cells to glass/backsheet; China dominates EVA/POE film.
Polymer BacksheetChina	China	Covered nation	Fluoropolymer/PET rear insulation layer.
Anodized Aluminum FrameChina extrusion	China	Covered nation	Structural frame; China dominates primary aluminum.
Junction Box & Bypass DiodesChina	China	Covered nation	Plastic + copper terminals + diodes; China-assembled.
Tinned Copper Interconnect RibbonChina	China	Covered nation	Oxygen-free copper with SnPb/lead-free solder coat.
Monocrystalline Silicon WaferChina wafering	China	Covered nation	China holds ~97% of global wafer capacity.
Mono Silicon Ingot (Czochralski)China ingot pullers	China	Covered nation	CZ ingot pulled from polysilicon melt in quartz crucible.
High-Purity Quartz CrucibleChina crucible fabricators	China	Covered nation	Consumable for CZ ingot pulling; fabricated in China from imported HPQ sand.
Silver Metallization PasteChina paste makers	China	Covered nation	Screen-printed contact; 40-50% of TOPCon non-wafer cost.

Processing and refining (4)

Input	Origin	Sourcing risk	Basis
Polysilicon Refining (Siemens/FBR)Xinjiang / Yunnan polysilicon plants	China	Covered nation	FEOC chokepoint: silicon metal purified to 9N solar-grade polysilicon in China.
Silver Electrolytic RefineryChina	China	Covered nation	FEOC chokepoint: doré/byproduct silver refined to 4N+ in China.
Bayer-Process Alumina RefineryChalco, China	China	Covered nation	FEOC chokepoint: bauxite refined to alumina, then smelted in China.
Copper Smelter / Electrolytic RefineryChina	China	Covered nation	FEOC chokepoint: concentrate smelted & electro-refined to cathode in China.

Raw material (13)

Input	Origin	Sourcing risk	Basis
Solar-Grade PolysiliconXinjiang / Yunnan / Inner Mongolia	China	Covered nation	7 Chinese firms make >75% of polysilicon; Xinjiang concentration + UFLPA entity listings.
Metallurgical-Grade Silicon MetalYunnan / Sichuan / Xinjiang smelters	China	Covered nation	Quartz reduced to 98-99.5% Si; China ~4.1 Mt/yr vs <1 Mt overseas.
High-Purity Quartz Sand (IOTA)Sibelco Spruce Pine, NC	United States	No known risk factor	Allied-sourced 4N8+ HPQ; Spruce Pine controls >90% of ultra-pure quartz.
Low-Iron Silica SandChinese sand quarries	China	Covered nation	Low-iron sand for >94% transmittance PV glass.
Soda Ash (Sodium Carbonate)China soda-ash plants	China	Covered nation	Glass flux; China leads synthetic soda-ash output.
Dolomite / LimestoneChina quarries	China	Covered nation	Glass stabilizer batch material.
Refined SilverChinese precious-metal refineries	China	Covered nation	China leading silver refiner; ~70% of silver is base-metal byproduct.
Primary Aluminum IngotChina aluminum smelters	China	Covered nation	China ~55% of global primary aluminum via electrolytic reduction.
Alumina (Aluminum Oxide)Chalco Bayer refineries, China	China	Covered nation	Bayer-process refined from bauxite; China dominant alumina refiner.
Refined Copper (Oxygen-Free)China copper smelters	China	Covered nation	Cathode copper for ribbon & junction-box terminals; China ~half of refined copper.
Tin Solder CoatingChina / Indonesia refiners	China	Covered nation	Sn(Pb) solder plating on ribbon; China & Indonesia lead tin refining.
EVA / POE ResinChina petrochemical plants	China	Covered nation	Copolymer of ethylene + vinyl acetate; China scaling domestic EVA.
Ethylene (Petrochemical Feedstock)China crackers	China	Covered nation	Naphtha/ethane-cracked monomer feeding EVA/POE.

Mine and extraction (6)

Input	Origin	Sourcing risk	Basis
Silica Quartz (Silicon Feedstock)Chinese quartz quarries	China	Covered nation	Quartz ore (98-99% SiO2) fed to silicon-metal furnaces; largely domestic Chinese supply.
Spruce Pine Pegmatite DepositSpruce Pine, North Carolina	United States	No known risk factor	World's premier HPQ ore body; ~380 Myr pegmatite.
Silica Sand QuarryChina	China	Covered nation	Quarried low-iron silica for glass batch.
Silver Ore (Base-Metal Byproduct)Cu/Pb/Zn mines (Mexico, Peru, China)	Mexico	Elevated sourcing risk	~70% of silver is byproduct of copper/lead/zinc mining; mine geography mixed.
Bauxite OreGuinea / Australia / China bauxite mines	Guinea	Elevated sourcing risk	China imports much bauxite from Guinea & Australia; refined domestically.
Copper Ore ConcentrateChile / Peru / DRC mines	Chile	Elevated sourcing risk	Allied/mixed mine geography; midstream refining shifts to China.

Material flow (36 relationships)

SPI Energy manufactures Crystalline Silicon PV Module (Crystalline silicon PV module)
Crystalline Silicon PV Module assembles Silicon Solar Cell (Silicon solar cell)
Crystalline Silicon PV Module assembles Low-Iron PV Cover Glass (Low-iron cover glass)
Crystalline Silicon PV Module assembles EVA / POE Encapsulant Film (EVA/POE encapsulant)
Crystalline Silicon PV Module assembles Polymer Backsheet (Backsheet)
Crystalline Silicon PV Module assembles Anodized Aluminum Frame (Aluminum frame)
Crystalline Silicon PV Module assembles Junction Box & Bypass Diodes (Junction box)
Crystalline Silicon PV Module assembles Tinned Copper Interconnect Ribbon (Interconnect ribbon)
Silicon Solar Cell supplies Monocrystalline Silicon Wafer (Silicon wafer)
Silicon Solar Cell supplies Silver Metallization Paste (Silver metallization paste)
Monocrystalline Silicon Wafer supplies Mono Silicon Ingot (Czochralski) (Silicon ingot)
Mono Silicon Ingot (Czochralski) supplies Solar-Grade Polysilicon (Solar-grade polysilicon)
Mono Silicon Ingot (Czochralski) supplies High-Purity Quartz Crucible (HPQ crucible (consumable))
Solar-Grade Polysilicon refines Polysilicon Refining (Siemens/FBR) (Metallurgical silicon to polysilicon)
Polysilicon Refining (Siemens/FBR) supplies Metallurgical-Grade Silicon Metal (Metallurgical-grade silicon)
Metallurgical-Grade Silicon Metal refines Silica Quartz (Silicon Feedstock) (Quartz reduced to silicon metal)
High-Purity Quartz Crucible supplies High-Purity Quartz Sand (IOTA) (High-purity quartz sand)
High-Purity Quartz Sand (IOTA) sources from Spruce Pine Pegmatite Deposit (Pegmatite HPQ ore)
Low-Iron PV Cover Glass supplies Low-Iron Silica Sand (Low-iron silica sand)
Low-Iron PV Cover Glass supplies Soda Ash (Sodium Carbonate) (Soda ash flux)
Low-Iron PV Cover Glass supplies Dolomite / Limestone (Dolomite/limestone)
Low-Iron Silica Sand sources from Silica Sand Quarry (Silica sand ore)
Silver Metallization Paste supplies Refined Silver (Refined silver)
Refined Silver refines Silver Electrolytic Refinery (Silver doré to 4N silver)
Silver Electrolytic Refinery sources from Silver Ore (Base-Metal Byproduct) (Silver ore (byproduct))
Anodized Aluminum Frame supplies Primary Aluminum Ingot (Primary aluminum)
Primary Aluminum Ingot supplies Alumina (Aluminum Oxide) (Alumina)
Alumina (Aluminum Oxide) refines Bayer-Process Alumina Refinery (Bauxite to alumina)
Bayer-Process Alumina Refinery sources from Bauxite Ore (Bauxite ore)
Tinned Copper Interconnect Ribbon supplies Refined Copper (Oxygen-Free) (Oxygen-free copper)
Tinned Copper Interconnect Ribbon supplies Tin Solder Coating (Tin solder coating)
Junction Box & Bypass Diodes supplies Refined Copper (Oxygen-Free) (Copper terminals)
Refined Copper (Oxygen-Free) refines Copper Smelter / Electrolytic Refinery (Concentrate to cathode copper)
Copper Smelter / Electrolytic Refinery sources from Copper Ore Concentrate (Copper concentrate)
EVA / POE Encapsulant Film supplies EVA / POE Resin (EVA/POE resin)
EVA / POE Resin supplies Ethylene (Petrochemical Feedstock) (Ethylene monomer)

Sources and methodology

Research-based supply-chain map compiled from public sources - not an audited bill of materials. Tiers reflect the standard industry structure for this product. Sourcing risk on a node describes where that input is typically mined or refined; it is not a FEOC determination for SPI Energy, and it is not a screening result for the node itself unless a federal listing is cited against it. Verify against primary documentation before making a compliance determination.

Primary sources (2) - government, filings, standards bodies

Secondary sources (16) - trade press, analysts, reference works

Common questions

Where does SPI Energy source the inputs in this product?: This map traces 36 inputs across 5 countries, including 10 mines and refiners. It is compiled from public sources and is not an audited bill of materials.
How much of the SPI Energy supply chain sits in a covered nation?: 31 of 36 mapped inputs are sited in a covered nation (China, Russia, Iran or North Korea) or named on a federal restricted-party list. A further 3 carry elevated sourcing risk without either basis.
Is SPI Energy itself a Foreign Entity of Concern?: Yes. SPI Energy (Xinyi Solar subsidiary interest) is organized in China, a covered nation under the FEOC rules, which makes it a foreign entity of concern for IRA clean-energy tax credit purposes. It is not named on any of the 3 federal restricted-party lists screened for this record (DOD Section 1260H, BIS Entity List, OFAC SDN List). Sourcing risk in this map describes where inputs are mined and refined and is a separate question from the company's own federal screening.

Federal list screening for SPI Energy Open in workspace